Transcript Second Industrial Revolution

SECOND
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
LESSON #4
SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the
Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger
Industrial Revolution corresponding to the later half of the
19th century until WWI
Can be summarized into concepts:
1. Incorporation and mass production
2. Scientific research fuels new discoveries
SIGNIFICANT
DEVELOPMENTS
Creation of Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
Transportation
STEEL VS IRON
By 1850, the age of iron had become fully established. But for
many uses, wrought iron was inferior to steel.
The problem was not to make steel; the problem was to make
cheap steel.
Henry Bessemer in 1856 found an inexpensive way to covert
Iron to Steel. This process is called Bessemer Process
BESSEMER PROCESS
OF MAKING STEEL
The Bessemer converter used the fact
that the impurities in cast iron
consisted mostly of carbon, and this
carbon could be used as a fuel if air
were blown through the molten metal.
The interact ion of the air's oxygen with
the steel's carbon created intense heat,
which kept the iron liquid.
By adding the correct amount of carbon
or by stopping the blowing at the right
time, the desired mixture of iron and
carbon could be created,
CHEMICALS
Nitrogen fertilizers were produced from the caliche
(natural sodium nitrate) mined in Chile. The famous
Haber process to make ammonia, developed by Fritz
Haber and BASF chemists Carl Bosch and Alwin
Mittasch and the discovery of how to convert ammonia
into nitric acid around 1908, made it possible for
Germany to continue producing nitrates for fertilizers
and explosives during World War I Chemistry also began
its road toward the supply of new artificial materials.
Charles Goodyear, the
American tinkerer invented in 1839 the vulcanization
process of rubber that made widespread industrial use of
rubber possible. Another American, John Wesley Hyatt,
succeeded in creating the first synthetic plastic in 1869,
ELECTRICITY
Thomas Alva Edison The modern
world is an electrified world. The
light bulb, in particular, profoundly
changed human existence by
illuminating the night and making it
hospitable to a wide range of
human activity. The electric light,
one of the everyday conveniences
that most affects our lives
Samuel Morse invested the first
telegrpah allowing for ease of
communication
TRANSPORTATION
the Diesel engine, invented in 1897 by Rudolf
Diesel allowed for cheaper energy source
significantly reducing transportation costs
Invention of Steel lead to construction of bigger
and faster boats
The invention of the steam turbine by Gustav de
Laval and Charles Parson in 1884 and its
subsequent improvement led to a revolution at
sea: the rotary motion of the turbine could
develop enormous speed
Person
Invention
Date
James Watt
First reliable Steam Engine
1775
Eli Whitney
Robert Fulton
Samuel F. B. Morse
Elias Howe
Isaac Singer
Cyrus Field
Alexander Graham
Bell
Thomas Edison
Nikola Tesla
Rudolf Diesel
Orville and Wilbur
Wright
Henry Ford
Cotton Gin, Interchangeable
parts for muskets
Regular Steamboat service on
the Hudson River
Telegraph
Sewing Machine
Improves and markets Howe's
Sewing Machine
Transatlantic Cable
Telephone
Phonograph, Incandescant Light
Bulb
Induction Electric Motor
Diesel Engine
1793, 1798
1807
1836
1844
1851
1866
1876
1877, 1879
1888
1892
First Airplane
1903
Model T Ford, Assembly Line
1908, 1913
THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
This is not the 1930’s famous great depression but a
depression that happened during 1973-1896.
This depression is categorized by falling prices for
agricultural products as a result farmers suffered the most
during the industrial revolution. Farmers were unable to
compete with the low prices and a lot of them could not
longer farm as it was financially unbeneficial.
NEW SUPERPOWER IN
TOWN
The British farmer could not compete with
the mass import of wheat from America.
Britain lost it’s upper hand and was
surpassed by countries like Germany,
France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Japan,
Austria, Russia and United States. Who
have progressed to produce electrical
powered machines and developed
chemicals.
In-fact Italy was the leader in the
production of modern items like chemical
fertilizers, typewriter and cars.
USA overtaken Britain and became the new
superpower
THE BIRTH OF
CORPORATION AND
STOCK TRADING
Production were getting bigger and bigger and
required more financing (more money).
The concept of corporation was born.
Under the law corporations were considered an
entity distinct from the people who invested in it; if
it went bankrupt, investors were not personally
liable for it’s debts beyond their actual investment.
The concept of Limited liability was born, which is
still current today
HOW THE STOCK
MARKET WORKS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjyWxERgGJs&feature=rel
ated – how the stock market works
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SuUzmqBewg&feature=re
lated – what is a corporation
SKYSCRAPERS
The skyscraper was born in Chicago but quickly become
identified with New York City.
Steel was used to build skyscraper
Now Skyscraper are the imagine of a metropolitan city.
Metropolitan city = represent a large city or urban area. A
metropolis is usually a significant economic, political and
cultural center for some country or region, and an important
hub for regional or international connections and
communications.
Changed the physical appearance of our cities
Park Row:
• Build in 19001908 in NYC
• 24 stories tall
Singer Building
• Build 1908-1909
in NYC
• 47 stories tall
Metropolitan Life
Building
• Build in 19091913 in NYC
• 50 stories tall
Empire State Building
• Completed 1931
• 100 stories tall
Famous photo of Italian
workers during taking a
break during the
construction of the
Empire State Building
STEAM POWER
Continuation of James Watt invention of steam engine
The steam cycle
• is a cycle that converts heat into work. The heat is supplied
externally to a closed loop, which in steam engines contains
water and steam. This cycle generates about 80% of all
electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all
solar thermal, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants.