Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Proyecto Araucaria

Quality of employment, psychosocial risks and mental
health among salaried workers in Chile: a gender
perspective
Ximena Díaz
Amalia Mauro
IAFFE Annual Conference
June 27, 28 y 29, 2012 in Barcelona, Spain
Objectives of the survey:
 To characterize employment conditions and psychosocial
risks of salaried workers in Chile considering social and
gender inequalities
 To analyze the relationship between the quality of
employment and psychosocial risk factors according to
gender
 To analyze unpaid domestic and care-giver work as a factor
of psychosocial risk
 To discover the associations between psychosocial risks and
some indicators of mental health according to gender
Methodological aspects
TARGET POPULATION
The universe of the study was composed of male and female
salaried workers, from all socioeconomic levels from the whole
country. Domestic servants were excluded.
The study is based on a nationally representative probabilistic
sample of salaried workers.
Was composed of 3010 cases, 1,486 women and 1,524 men
Women were over-represented in the sample. The analysis was
weighted by sex according to the respective participation of women
and men in the labour market.
 Information collection instrument:
Survey with 77 closed-ended questions
 Period of application of the survey: April – June 2011
 Issues addressed by the survey:





Sociodemographic data
Conditions of employment
Working conditions: psychosocial dimensions
Unpaid domestic work and the work-family relationship
Indicators of mental health
First Results of the Araucaria Survey
Social and gender inequalities in
employment conditions.
Salaried: men and women belonging to the poorest
economic strata have the poorest quality work. They
report:
Low wages
More temporary contract
Higher proportion of unemployment
High proportion of unprotected jobs, and
Longer period of unemployment.
RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO SEX AND AVERAGE
PERSONAL MONTHLY INCOME
50
Hombres
44,3
45
Mujeres
40
35
30
25,4
25
25,3
21,7
20
19,6
16,6
15
17,3
13,4
6,9
10
5
3,7
3,4
2,4
0
250.000 ó
menos
250.001 350.000
350.001 550.000
550.001 - 1
millón
Más de 1 millón
NR
(BASE: TOTAL MUESTRA)
Psychological risks in the workplace:
social and gender inequalities
 Karasek and Theorell’s model: demands/control/social
support:
 Persons that perceive high psychosocial demands, low
control over their work process, and low levels of social
support, experience work-related stress
 Siegrist:effort–reward imbalance:
 Persons that experience imbalance between the efforts
they invest in their work and the rewards they receive are
affected by stress.
 Work-family and family-work interference: a
psychosocial risk factor that influence on mental health:
Women and men workers perceive:
 high psychological demands
 little control over his/her work and opportunity to
exercise abilities
 low social support from their peers and superiors
 high imbalance between efforts and rewards
 high levels of work-family interference among women
More women than men perceive high demands, low
control, high effort and reward imbalance
EXPOSURE TO WORK-RELATED PSYCHOSOCIAL
RISK, BY SEX
70
60
Hombres
56,2
Mujeres
58,8
52,5
50
41,2
44,7
47,2
51,0
55,0
40,7 41,4
40
30
26,4
23,4
29,7
18,9
20
10,9
13,9
10
0
Baja latitud
decisional
Altas demandas
psicológicas
Bajo soporte
social
Tensión psíquica
Isostrain
Altos esfuerzos
Bajas
recompensas
Desbalance
esfuerzo/
recompensa
(BASE: TOTAL MUESTRA)
 The survey showed a strong association between the
quality of employment and exposure to psicosocial risk at
work
Demand/control/social support by quality of
employment: the less exposed groups
Workers with the best quality of work are less exposed to
psychological tension or depressive symptomology:
managers, professionals and technicians (in less
proportion)
 They report high demands, high level of control, and
high level of social support
|
Demand/control/social support by quality of
employment: the most exposed groups
Workers with the poor quality of work are the most
exposed to psychological tension or depressive
symptomology: unskilled workers (services, agriculture,
industry and transportation sectors)
 Most of them report high demands, low level of control,
and low level of social support.
 Some of them report low demands and low control, that
represents the poorest quality of work.
Perception of effort/rewards imbalance by sex
 In both sexes, the perception of high efforts decreases from
good quality of employment to poor quality of employment
 In contrast, in both sexes, the perception of receiving low
rewards increases from poor quality of employment to good
quality of employment
A higher proportion of women than men in all
occupations report low rewards, although the
magnitude of difference varies
Depressive symtomology, distress and
psychotropics consumption by sex
More women than men report symptomology associated to
health mental problems:
 5% of men and 15% of women report high depressive
symptomology
 15% of men and 24% of women report high distress
 10% of men and 20% of women report psychotropics
consumption
Psychosocial risk and mental health
problems: first results
 Some association are perceived between:
 efforts/reward imbalance and high distres, depressive
symptomology and psychotropics consumption
 low control and high distress
 No important association is perceived between high
demands and health mental problems
We are still working on the statistical analysis related to
psychosocial risk and mental health work related
problems.
Work-family interference: two dimensions
•There are moments or situations when
you need to be at work and at home at the
same time?
•When you are at work do you think about
domestic and family tasks?
Women workers in agreement with the statement: There
are times or situations when you need to be at work and at
home at the same time?, according to occupations (in %)
Occupations
Women
Managers
63.7
Professional
63.0
Technician
74.8
Office worker
67.2
Salesperson
72.0
Factory workers
72.3
Service workers
75.0
Unskilled service workers
65.9
Unskilled agricultural, industrial and transport workers
75.6
Total
68.5
Women workers in agreement with the statement: When
you are at work do you think about domestic tasks?,
according to occupations (in %)
Occupations
Women
Managers
43.8
Professional
38.1
Technician
45.3
Office worker
46.7
Salesperson
57.4
Factory workers
63.9
Service workers
60.2
Unskilled service workers
56.1
Unskilled agricultural, industrial and transport workers
60.5
Total
50.3
Work-family interference and mental health
problems
Of all women that agree with the statement
“there are times or situations when you need to be
at work and at home at the same time”:
 Only 22% report not to suffer distress: 50%
report moderate distress, and 27% high distress
 16% report to suffer high depressive
symptomatology
 21% report to consume psychotropics
Work-family interference and mental health
problems
Of all women that agree with the statement:
“when you are at work do you think about domestic
and family tasks”:
 Only 18% report not to suffer distress: 50%
report moderate distress, and 32% high distress
 19% report to suffer high depressive
symptomatology
 25% consume psychotropics
Mental health: a national health
problem
 In Chile the first cause of sick leaves is mental
health problems. In this type of leaves women
duplicate men although they are less in the work
force.
 Mental health problems are not recognized as
occupational diseases in Chile
Thank you very much
For more information:
www.proyectoaraucaria.cl