Transcript 国际新闻的流动和秩序
International News Flow
Imbalance in international news
communication
Media imperialism
About New World Information
and Communication order (NWICO)
it is about the media coverage of the developing
world and the unbalanced flow of media influence;
mainly from the West to the East.
It tries to interrogate and inquire why much interest
is given to developed countries and why the
important developmental events in the lessdeveloped countries are ignored and the reality
mostly distorted?
what is the reality of the media’s language today?
Or rather whose reality are we living in?
Imbalance in World News
Communication
Imbalance of news media access
Imbalance of news media distribution
Imbalance of information flow
Imbalance of reporters’ distribution
Imbalance of media content
Newspaper access
World
average: 90
World high:
Norway 700
US: 260
Africa: 11
TV access
US: 800
UK: 500
Sub Sahara: 35
38% in North
America
27% in Europe
23% in Asia
7.6% in Latin
America
3% in Africa
Newer data
Newspapers, 2003
CHINA 63/1000; JAPAN 545/1000; US, 198/1000
Developing Countries, 60/1000; developed, 226/1000
NORWAY, 580/1000, world No.1.
TV
US
JP
CN
IN
RU
1965
362
285
0.1
0.002
2000
854
725
293
78
420
Media distribution
Illustrated by number of
media organizations in
Newspaper organizations
Europe 50%
A&C 20%
Africa 1%
Electronic media
organizations:
over 70% radio stations
and TV stations in Europe
and North America
欧洲
美加
非洲
拉美
亚洲
发达国家
发展中国家
China
2500
2000
报纸
1500
电视台
1000
广播电台
500
0
1978 1982 1997 2000
Imbalance of reporters’
distribution
quantitative imbalance
between North and South
美联社(AP)
路透社(Rueters)
法新社(AFP)
Xinhua
Kyodo
Deutsche
Tass
Efe
Mena
Ansa
通讯社
80%,
1030%
新闻量
UNESCO information:
今天全世界的传媒产品流通,是一个很不平衡的潮流。这表现
在:
在全世界跨国流通的每100本书籍中,就有85本是从发达国家
流向发展中国家的;
在跨国流通的每100小时的音像制品中,就有74小时的制品是
从发达国家和新兴工业国家流向发展中国家的;
在跨国流通的每100套电脑软件中,就有85套是从发达国家和
新兴工业国家流向发展中国家的;
50家媒体娱乐公司占据了当今世界上95%的传媒产业市场。目
前传播于世界各地的新闻,90%以上由美国和西方国家垄断,
其中又有70%是由跨国的大公司垄断,美国控制了全球75%的
电视节目的生产和制作。许多第三世界国家的电视节目有60%
-80%的栏目内容来自美国,几乎成为美国电视节目的转播站
Imbalance of media content
A regional
bias
B
positivenegative
reporting
NWICO
The NWICO movement began as a protest
over the concentration of print and
broadcast media ownership among de facto
cartels, and developed into an argument
about the cultural dominance of poor
nations by wealthy ones. some suggest that
the issue of news imbalance was a red
herring, and that supplying developing
nations with current banking and business
information was more crucial
Media imperialism
Dependency theory
Culture imperialism
is the systematic penetration and domination of the culture life
of the popular classes by the ruling classes of the west in
order to recorder the values, behavior, institutions, interests of
the imperial classes (Petras)
Media imperialism
The ownership, structure, distribution and content of one
country’s media industry are subject to the pressure of another
without counterweight(Boyd-Barret)
NWICO crucial events
Clashes at UNESCO
1972
1976
1978 1980 1984
McBride report(1980): Many voices One world
Talloires declaration(1981):
News without Borders
After the Cold War
1997 Nigeria and Algeria Initiatve
2005 Venezuela, Uruguay, Cuba South TV?
2005 NNN initiative Malaysia
2006 15 Arab states initiative: Muslim News Center
2007 Iran, PressTV
Arguments from Developing Countries
the 1982 International Telecommunications
Convention that determined “that a country’s air
space, like its land, was part of its domestic
property and hence, these boundaries must not be
violated.”
the NWICO proponents, mostly drawn from the
ranks of non-aligned nations, claimed that Western
ownership and control of both the news media and
their distribution channels constituted a form of
cultural dominance whose covert goal was capitalist
economic expansion.
Not only should be quantitatively
balanced, but should be more just
seeking a more just and equitable balance
in the flow and content of information; a right
to national self-determination of domestic
communication policies; and at the
international level, a two-way information
flow reflecting more accurately the
aspirations and activities of less-developed
countries.
’the four Ds
1. News flows are castigated as “one-way flows”, and
measures to ensure a more equitable balance of news flows
between countries are demanded (Democratization).
2. The ’one-way flow’ and misrepresentations are interpreted
to reflect a lack of respect for the countries’ cultural identities,
a matter of great importance to the non-aligned countries
(Decolonization).
3. The monopoly status of transnational corporations in terms
of communications technology is perceived as a threat to
national independence (Demonopolization).
4. The vital role of mass media in the development process is
underlined, and the non-aligned countries join together to
demand a more just distribution of communication resources
in the world (Development).
Toward a New Order?
The failure of NWICO
Within the West: France and Canada
Conservatives, reformers and
revolutionaries
Domestic change and economic condition
Protectionism or Openism?
Singapore’s experience
Hong Kong’s experience