Transcript Slide 1

S = Strength
T = Target
Num Aspect of work
ber
1
Clearly structured work
2
Clear focus and understanding of the demands of the question
3
Appropriate evidence included
4
Accurate, precise and detailed evidence included
5
Explanation is relevant and may focus on reasons why or impact
6
Explanation of reasons and impact is detailed, precise and appropriately linked to the
question
7
Analysis/assessment of how far the factor contributes to the questions
8
Link between factors to show how they contribute to one another
9
Link to wider implications these factors have
10 Balance of argument
11 Understanding of historical interpretations
12 Explanation of most important/successful aspect
13 Evaluation of most important/successful. Why is “x” more important/successful than “y”
Explain why the Social Democratic
Party split (12 marks)
• No need to write a detailed intro
• Explain why the evidence you use answers the Q
• 3 points
• Link between factors
“Lenin was prepared to have the leadership elected by a small
Central Committee, but not by the mass of Party
membership…” – How does this link to Lenin’s bullying and
arrogant personality?
• Explain impact on Russian society
“Due to the split within the Social Democrats, the socialist
opposition to the Tsar was weakened as there was less unity
and too much in-fighting, meaning that the tsar was not
overly concerned about their activities.”
How successful were Stolypin’s
reforms in stabilising the Tsarist
regime? (24 marks)
• Categorise evidence – political/social/economic?
• Consider the impact of the evidence – ie, failure to help all peasants
meant there was a disillusioned class of landless peasants. So? What
happened to them?
• Explain why evidence suggests success or failure at stabilising Russia
“This increase in labour productivity, similar to redemption payments, meant
that more agriculture was produced and so did industry [due to machinery
developed], causing foreign trade to increase, which helped increase Russia’s
income and stabilise their economy…”
• Balance argument
• Assess overall success
“This (Land Banks, abolition of Mir) was why his policies were successful
[socially] because they dealt with the peasant’s discontent which greatly
affected Russia as they made up the larger part of the population and also
contributed to the food supply, solving problems of shortages and famine.”
• Conclude – success overall plus most successful category
Key words:
Winter Palace
Monday, July 20, 2015
How did events of the summer
of 1917 impact on the
Provisional Government?
To understand what events occurred after
March 1917
To explain how these events impacted on
the PG
To explain the role of Lenin and the
Bolsheviks in this period
How important was the Lenin’s return
in weakening the Provisional
Government?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLdz1VIdby8
What was the initial impact of the February
Revolution? What was Lenin’s April Theses?
• What does Lenin claim is happening and then
should happen in the April Theses?
• Summarise the demands of the April Theses
• How did Russia react to the April Theses? How
did Lenin manage to “win” support?
How strong was Kerensky’s
leadership in the summer of 1917?
• What was the May Crisis and why was it significant for the future of the
Provisional Government?
• How was the future existence of the Provisional Government called into
question in June 1917 & why was this significant for later developments?
“July Days”
Kornilov Affair
Dates
Reasons for Events
Key Events
Outcomes from Events
Impact on the
Provisional Government
Impact on the
Bolsheviks
IF YOU FINISH:
1. How was Lenin acting in the aftermath of the
Kornilov Affair?
2. How did other leading Bolsheviks react?
3. What was Trotsky’s suggestion?
4. How does John Reed describe the Bolshevik
Central committee Headquarters in his book “Ten
days that shook the World”?
THE JULY DAYS
• Dates:3rd July to 5th July 1917
• Reasons for Events: Built up frustration as a result of the limitations
of reforms of Provisional Government & failure of summer military
offensive against Germany.
• Key Events: Soldiers, sailors and workers marched through Petrograd.
Was spontaneous outburst and attempt to take control. Bolsheviks
leadership was not interested.
• Outcomes from Events: Uprising crushed by the Provisional
Government and leading Bolsheviks arrested (Trotsky) or went into
exile (Lenin).
• Impact on Provisional Government: Strengthened position with
Kerensky replacing Prince Lvov as Prime Minister on 8th July with
government becoming more left wing.
• Impact on Bolsheviks: Credibility damaged by events with powerbase
in Petrograd Soviet weakened. Reputation of Lenin weakened. Belief
that moment for revolution passed
THE KORNILOV AFFAIR
• Dates:26th to 30th August.
• Reasons for Events: Appointment of Kornilov as CC of the Armed Forces on
16th July & demands for death penalty in services and tighter controls of
workers in the cities.
• Key Events: Decision of Kerensky not to allow Kornilov his demands over
domestic affairs & request to the Petrograd Soviet “Red Guard” for help to
defend city followed by the decision ordering Kornilov to resign after troops
started to march to Petrograd on 27th August.
• Outcomes from Events: Kornilov failed to reach capital as railway workers
persuaded his troops to desert the army before reaching Petrograd.
Kornilov & leaders arrested on 1st September.
• Impact on Provisional Government:Kerensky’s reputation was damaged as
was that of other socialist leaders in the government (i.e.Trudoviks,Social
Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks)
• Impact on Bolsheviks:Position enhanced as had been only group who had
consistently opposed the appointment of Kornilov as CC by Kerensky and as
a result of events felt vindicated.Position on Petrograd Soviet was
strengthened. Significant increase in popular support for the Bolsheviks.
How successful was the Tsarist regime
in bringing political stability to Russia
in the years
1906 to 1914? (24 marks)
OR
How successful was the Tsarist regime
in bringing about the economic
modernisation of Russia by 1914? (24
marks)
How successful was the Tsarist regime
in bringing political stability to Russia
in the years 1906 to 1914? (24 marks)
Factors supporting the argument that the tsarist regime was successful in bringing political stability to Russia in the years 1906 to
As with question 02 (Explain why Nicholas II
1914 include:
• the immediate crisis following the
1905 Revolution
was averted. Any
overtin
opposition
issued
the Fundamental
Laws
1906.),that
theremained following the granting of
concessions was dealt with harshly by repression
of students
no by
difficulty
in writing
• the Duma was kept under controlmajority
through a mixture
of skilfulhad
handling
Stolypin. Twice
it was dissolved early, due to the
perceived radical nature of its elected
members.
Changes
to
the
electoral
laws
in
1908
delivered
about the successes and failures of the Tsarista more compliant Duma
• the work of successive Dumas contributed to relatively progressive social reforms, such as sickness and accident insurance, which
regime,
1906–1914,
in general
terms,
but
created for many a sense that Russia
was moving
forward. In rural
areas, the work
of the
zemstva contributed to an expansion in
education. Social stability increased
political
stability
rather fewer focused on successes ‘in bringing
• economic reforms and an economic boom contributed to political stability. Stolypin’s agricultural reforms helped create a class of
more prosperous peasants who were
political
political stability’.
supporters ofAlthough
the regime a good number
• the tercentenary celebrations oftalked
the Romanov
dynasty
and even
the outbreak
of war
itself provided opportunities for Russians to
about
stability,
they
included
economic
demonstrate outwardly their loyalty to the Tsarist
regime
and social,
asMany
wellradical
as political
stability
andhelped the political stability.
• the use of harsh repression destroyed
opposition.
leaders were
exiled. This
therefore digressed into irrelevance in parts of
Factors supporting the argument that the tsarist regime was less successful in bringing stability to Russia in the years 1906 to 1914
their answers.
include:
• the Duma caused numerous problems for the Tsar. He was concerned about compromising his autocratic powers and used the
Fundamental Laws to restate his authority. The necessity of repeatedly dissolving the Duma indicates how unstable the political
situation might have been
• social reforms had limited impact. Workers were increasingly discontented and by 1912 there was a wave of strikes and industrial
action. The Tsar’s response was repression and brutal incidents like the Lena Goldfields Massacre illustrate how stability was
achieved through force
• in the economy, serious problems remained and led to discontent, which manifested itself in political strikes; in the countryside
there was widespread unrest and Stolypin’s reforms were too slow to bring stability
• opposition was not eliminated: the SRs assassinated Stolypin in 1911.
How successful was the Tsarist regime in
bringing about the economic modernisation of
Russia by 1914? (24 marks)
Factors suggesting that the regime was successful in bringing about economic modernisation might include:
• strong growth in 'traditional' heavy industry from 1908 – coal, iron and steel making, sponsored by the state, to
make good losses from Russo-Japanese war
Material on Vyshnegradsky and Witte was generally
• expansion of newer light industry with the aid of government investment and encouragement. There was also a
known
but,atunfortunately,
some
students
vast expansion in oil well
production
(mainly
Baku), placing Russia,
second
in the world
• railway growth under
state ownership
continued
presented
this as
though it provided the whole picture
• economic expansion,
made economic
Russia the fifth
largest industrial
based on state and internal
of which
Russia's
development
topower,
1914.was
Stolypin's
investment, with less reliance on money from overseas than in 1890s
agrarian
reforms
were
sometimes
even
• Government controls
and tariffs
ensured that
exports
exceeded ignored
imports toand
provide
a healthy balance of trade
they
featured,
notreforms
everyand
student
produced
• the rural economy when
improved
thanks
to Stolypin's
the gradual
spread ofan
more modern farming methods
among kulaks.
overall summary of the position 'by 1914'. The best
answers were the more thematic ones that examined,
Factors suggesting that the regime was not successful in bringing about economic modernisation might include:
for example,
theoverseas
economic
modernisation
• there was still a substantial
input from
investment
and expertise of industry,
transport,
finances
and
agriculture
by did
1914
• there was limited reform
of the rural
economy
since
many peasants
not and
take advantage of Stolypin’s agrarian
reforms - and much farming
remained
primitive
provided
balance
by considering the strengths and
• Russian growth rates did not compare favourably with other western nations e.g. France, Germany, Britain, Austria
weaknesses
of each
(sometimes drawing on evidence
and Italy all had higher
growth in National
Income
of Russia's
the first
months
to trade by 1913 was very
• exports still relied heavily
on grainperformance
– 'squeezing' thein
peasants.
Russia's
shareof
of war
overseas
small compared withillustrate
Germany's the
and Britain's
(this was
a governmentmodernisation).
directed policy)
limitations
of economic
• poor social conditions accompanied economic growth in cities, negating some of its benefits and the regime did
little to help.