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PERIOD 5
MODERN ERA
1750-1900
CONCEPT 2
IMPERIALISM
1750-1900
IMPERIALISM
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
Political Ideologies Driving 19 th century Europe…
 Nationalism
 Motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions
 Colonialism
 System of administering and exploiting colonies for the
benefit of the home country
 Imperialism
 European economic, military, and political power forced
colonized countries to trade on European terms.
 Maintaining an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial
relationship
 Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced
their traditional industries
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
3 FORMS OF IMPERIALISM
1. Colony
 Imperialism is the concept; Colonies are the practice
 People in a colony must:
 Obey foreign laws, be ruled by foreign leaders, learn foreign
ways, trade with the foreign power
 You are completely controlled by another country
 Settler Colony
 Foreign family units ‘settle’ in new colony. As local population
decreases, foreigners take that land. Generally seen as racially
superior to indigenous.
 Kenya, Zimbabwe, Australia, South Africa, Algeria, Mozambique, American
Frontier
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
3 FORMS OF IMPERIALISM
2. Protectorate
 Key word: protect
 Local rulers remain in charge; foreign power provides
protection in exchange for exclusive trading rights
 Entrepots: trading posts where goods can be
imported/exported without paying taxes on them
3. Sphere Of Influence
 Usually used in regards to China
 Foreign nations grew weary of dealing with local
populations
 S.O.I.= Granted exclusive trading rights in an area to a
certain country (extra-territoriality)
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
Forces Enabling Imperialism
 Industrial Revolution
1. Cheaper raw materials; cheaper energy
2. Eradication of smallpox; discovery of germs
3. Technological Advantage
 First, the Maxim gun (invented in 1889) and used to
dominate African armies.
 The railroad allowed for communication and resupply.
 Finally, regular doses of Quinine were found to prevent
mosquito-carried diseases (like Malaria).
 Berlin Conference…
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
Western Africa
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
 Formalization of the “Scramble for Africa”
 Basically, the European powers wanted to
exploit/colonize Africa, and they wanted to eliminate
obstacles (competition from other European powers)
 “Effective occupation”
 Military presence would be necessary to ensure territorial
integrity
 Purpose?  for each European nation’s own economic
interests
 Congo and Belgium: Rubber boom
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
The industrial revolution was a domestic phenomenon that had
international consequences.
 The most visible of these is the growth of European
empires in the search for markets & materials.
 Europe (later USA, Japan) used their industrial advantage
to build empire throughout Asia, Pacific, and Africa
 Methods used by the ‘West’:
 Diplomacy  land acquired via treaty
 Berlin Conference, 1884 -1886
 Warfare  land acquired & maintained via tech. advantage
 Belgians in the Congo
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
European colonies in
Asia/Pacific
 Britain
 India and Burma
 Spain
 Philippines
 Netherlands
 East Indies/Indonesia
Why?
 Impor tance trading and
strategic location
 Have climates suitable to exotic
goods: spices, for example
 Exchange of food and peace by
Europeans to Southeast Asia for
raw materials expor ted to
Europe
British Empire ~1900
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those
colonies
 British imperialism in India
 Between 1750-1870, nearly all of India came under British control
 British East India Company (BEIC)
 Established in 1600, took Dutch colonies, fought off French, and fought off Indians too
 Then the company dissolved in 1795…
 Last Mughal emperor falls in 1858, leaving the subcontinent in the
hands of the British
 “Company Men”
 Ambitious, young company men used hard bargaining and physical
force(when necessary) to persuade Indian rulers to allow them to
establish trading posts at strategic points along the coast
 Nawabs – Muslim princes who ruled over their own powerful states within Mughal
Empire
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
British Imperialism in India
 British Raj (1858-1947)
 Period of British control/rule over India
 Remaking of India through British
model of administration, social reform,
economic development, and technology
 At same time, endorsement of Indian
leaders with their
own traditions
 As a result?  Privatized the lands
from communal holdings  made
collecting taxes easier
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
British Imperialism in India
 Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
 Example of physical force: “Black Hole of
Calcutta”
 1691: BEIC attains fortified outpost in Bengal at
Calcutta
 1756: Nawab overruns the fortified outpost,
imprisons British; British, led by Robert Clive,
overthrow the nawab
 1765: British persuade the Mughal emperor of
the BEIC’s right to rule Bengal; tax and trade
revenue!
 Defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore
 Secured south India for the BEIC and prevented
French resurgence
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
British Imperialism in India
 Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
 British East India Trading Company dominated India since 1757
 Ruled India by using SEPOYs
 Persian “Sipah” for army
 India was Britain’s most valuable colony
 Sepoys: Indians trained by British as private army to protect
BEITCO
 1857: British forces switched to Enfield Rifles
 Cartridges were sealed with beef and pork fat… Indian Sepoys rebelled
 BEITCO took one year to squash the rebellion (200k lose??!)
 Led to a rise in Indian nationalism, but failed because it did not
exist yet
 Led to the creation of the Indian National Congress  pushed
for home rule
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
British Imperialism in India
 Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
“Whenever the grease around
the bullet appears to be melted
away, or otherwise removed
from the cartridge, the sides of
the bullet should be wetted in
the mouth before putting it into
the barrel; the saliva will serve
the purpose of grease for the
time being.”
-Enfield Rifle Field Manual
INDUSTRIALIZED POWERS CREATE
TRANSOCEANIC EMPIRES
British imperialism in Australia & New Zealand
 Convicts settling a territory? What???
 Discovery of gold and shifting to policy of “real” people settling land
 Exterminating the seal population for their oil
IMPERIALISM
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Overview of Coverage of the next slides…
 Ottoman Empire
 Egypt – Muhammad Ali and the “Napoleonic Example”
 Janissaries
 Tanzimat Reforms
 Crimean War
 Russian Empire
 Tsar Alexander I
 Crimean War
 Qing Empire
 “Canton System”
 Opium Wars – Treaty of Nanking
 Taiping Rebellion
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Russia ~1900…
 Tsars ruled Russia (totalitarian  complete political power in one)
 Limited interest in industrialization; preferred to just import industrial
goods
 Economically “backwards”
 Still dominated by agriculture
 2 nd Agricultural Revolution (surplus in production) hadn’t hit yet either
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Poor transportation system (no railroads)
Serfdom dominant (ended in 1861)
No middle class (remember: created out of I.R.)
Major reason for Russia resistance to industrialization?
 Deep suspicion of Western ideas, especially liberalism and socialism
 Imperial expansion
 Focused on territory south in the 19 th century
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Crimean War (1853-1856)
 What caused this? Russian desired to expand south for naval
access to the Mediterranean Sea… Justified to give access to
Orthodox Church to Holy Land (Ottoman Empire stood in way)
 Britain and France ally with Ottomans against Russians
 Russian advance stopped, discredited
 Military lesson?  Transition to “modern” warfare
 First time breech-loading rifles were used
 Outcome?
 Demonstrated that Russia was significantly underdeveloped in
military and industrial terms compared to western Europe
 This would influence Russian political/economic development for the rest of the 19th
century  Russian Tsar Alexander would carry out public reform of ending serfdom
 Britain enjoyed peace treaty
 Why?  stopped Russian expansion (at cost of Ottoman’s as they were the losers in
the war)
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Qing Empire
 Opium Wars (19 th century)
 British import Indian opium to China  drug becomes societal problem
 Why would Britain do this?  Tea production/demand declined
 Chinese react
 Lin Zexu blockades European trade taking advantage of the ban of the import
that had never been enforced until now
 British invade
 Chinese defeated; British gunboats were far superior to anything China had
 Treaty of Nanking
 Hong Kong to British
 “Treaty” ports forced to re-open (low tariffs for British); rights of residence to the
British merchants
 Taiping Rebellion (1 850-1864)
 Self-Strengthening Reforms
 Boxer Rebellion (1898-1900)
 Anti-foreign conflict
 Using pro-nationalist fervor in the face of foreign influence, Boxers lead revolt
against foreigners
 Killing all foreigners they find, Qing government comes to support them
 Crushed by Western powers
 Western powers have those in government who enabled the Boxers executed
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Ottoman Empire
 Before 1900…
 On the brink of collapse  Large foreign debt, weak at the center, and
dependent on Europeans
 Reforms
 Pushed through by both Sultan Selim and Sultan Mahmud
 Creation of European style military, centralization of political control,
standard taxation
 Janissaries resist military changes, uprisings
 Janissaries: Christian boys taken from the Balkans, trained to be highly -skilled warriors, and
converted without choice to Islam; were given land -grants in exchange for their service
 1826***: Janissary corps dismantled (wiped out by surprise attack of new
force)
 Tanzimat Reforms:
 Public trials, equal legal rights, standard tax collection, no tax farming
 1830s: school of military service (Istanbul)
 Secularization (Islamic law less important ( Shari’a still set legal code for family))
 Decreased the influence of women in society
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Egypt
 Muhammad Ali – 1805
 Takes power in absence of power (After Bonaparte left
Egypt, a power vacuum occurred)
 Dispossesses mamluks of land
 Mamluks: slaves to the land (owned by the king)
 Paid for his reforms by seizing Muslim lands and selling
wheat overseas
 Set up military schools featuring European models
 Ultimately, Egypt becomes more a colony of Britain who
gets control of Suez Canal
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
Egypt
British and the Suez Canal
 Involved in Egypt when trying to
break free from Ottomans
 French & British control canal
 Why does this matter?
 Lower shipping costs, stimulated
shipping and construction of
steamships for those with
overseas trade ( significantly
increased global trade
controlled by the Europeans )
STATE FORMATION & CONTRACTION
SUEZ CANAL (AKA “The Highway to India” ) FUN FACTS
 Finished in 1869 by French Ferdinand de Lesseps, the
Suez Canal was owned by the French for 99 years
 SUEZ CRISIS of 1956
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Rights to the Canal were held by the British & French
Egyptian President Gamal Nasser Nationalized the Canal
Egypt closed the canal for 8 years (leaving 14 ships trapped)
Reopened in 1975
 REDUCES THE DISTANCE BY 43%
 15,000 Ships pass through the Suez Canal each year ;
That’s 7% of the world’s Maritime traffic
 22% of that are Oil Tankers; 44% are Containerships
 Brings Egypt $3 Billion a year
 120 miles long and 80 feet deep
 There are no locks!
IMPERIALISM
JUSTIFICATIONS OF IMPERIALISM
New ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and
justified imperialism.
JUSTIFICATIONS OF IMPERIALISM
New ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated
and justified imperialism.
Social Darwinism
 “We are better because of science”
White Man’s Burden
 “We are doing this because we care”
Competition
 “If we weren’t here, some other white guys would be”