Transcript 15- World War One and Beyond - Home

Chapter 15
World War One and Beyond
15- World War One and Beyond
15.1- From Neutrality to War
15.2- The Home Front
15.3- Wilson, War, and Peace
15.4- Effects of War
15.1- From Neutrality to War
15.1- From Neutrality to War
Focus: What caused World War I, and why did the
United States enter the war?
- Before 1914
-100 years of relative peace
-No major conflicts
Issues in Europe….
- Nationalism
- Militarism
- Regional tensions
- Economic Rivalries
-Threatened this peace
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Nationalism
- (1) Beliefs shifted in the late 1800’s
-No longer a region of different groups
-One nation, one ethnic group, one goal (majority)
-Threatened minorities
- Majority rule
- (2) France - French aimed to regain Alsace Lorraine
- From Germany
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Nationalism
- (3) Social Darwinism
- Survival of the fittest
- Increased competition
- Best nations would win (fit)
(3) Broke apart old multinational areas
- Separate into individual nations
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Nationalism
- (3)
Effected economy
- Countries looked to expand economy
- Measure of both wealth and strength
-Competition for land
-To boost economic edges
-Land grabbing
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Militarism
- (4) Prepping for a great war
-“not if but when”
- Increases
- Armies and weapon supplies
- Germany led the way
- Created huge army
- Huge arsenal of weapons
- Builds a navy to rival Britain – world’s strongest at time
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Militarism
- Glorification of the Military
-Went on everywhere
- (5)The arms race* assured…
- Next major conflict would be brutal
More troops, better weapons
- Modern warfare
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Alliances
- European leaders form alliances
-To prepare for war
- (6) Leads to the two major alliances:
- Central Powers - Triple Alliance
-Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy
- Allies - Triple Entente
-France, Russia, Great Britain
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Alliances
- (7) Created careless actions
- Countries knew they were protected
- Allies obligated to fight with them
Seen as reliable
Became less about peace
More about advantages in wartime
- Which was on the horizon
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Assassinations
June 28, 1914
- Archduke Francis Ferdinand
- Austria-Hungary
- heir to the throne
- (8) Traveled to Bosnia (Austrian Territory)
- Where Serbs awaited the Archduke
- Felt Bosnia rightfully belonged to Serbia
15.1- From Neutrality to War
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
- Gavrilo Princip
- Serb conspirator
- Archduke = tyrant
- Fired two shots
- killing the Archduke and his wife
- Shockwaves around the world
- Triggers conflict
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Alliances - A Chain Reaction
-
Death of Archduke - by Serbians
- Austria demanded total cooperation (from Serbia)
- Investigation into assassination
(9)
- Serbia says no - Austria declares war July 28, 1914
- With German alliance
- Russia agrees to help Serbia (alliance)
- Germany declares war on Russia
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Alliances - A Chain Reaction
- France – Russia’s ally
- Responds, and declares war on Germany
- Germany declares war on France and Belgium
- Belgium was in the way – divided Germany from France
- Great Britain comes to the aid of France and Belgium
- In less then a weeks time, full scale war loomed
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Alliances - A Chain Reaction
- Central Powers
- Germany, Austria Hungary, and Ottoman Empire
- Allied Powers
- Britain, France, Russia, Serbia
- Germany began its march through Belgium, and worked its way
toward France…
-Germany was halted at the Marne River by French & British forces
- 30 miles from Paris
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Technology/ Western Front
-
Germany settles in after the Marne
- Digs trenches, fortifies positions
- Machine guns, heavy artillery
- British and French do the same
- (10) Over 450 miles across Belgium
- Western Front
- Key point to victory
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Technology/ Western Front
(11)
- Defensive strategy prevailed
- Offensive sides generally lost
- Huge losses
- Machine guns, heavy artillery
- made charging ineffective
- Creates a deadly stalemate
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Trench Warfare
(12)
-Terrible conditions
-Trench foot – wet muddy trenches
-Lice – from rats
-Snipers
-Gas
-Assaults
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Trench Warfare
-Large number of Casualties
- Hundreds,
thousands, then millions
-The Somme & Verdun
-These two battlefield alone
- German, British, and French
- Over 2 million deaths
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Wilson - Neutrality
-
Did not want to be involved
- Keep the US away from war
- (13) Wilson wanted to avoid upsetting the melting pot
- America built on diverse origins
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Wilson - Neutrality
(14)
-
1914 - 1/3 of Americans were foreign born
- Obvious allegiances
- German and Irish immigrants
- Sided with Central Powers
- Most Americans - sided with Britain and France
- Connections: trade, economy, history
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Wilson- Neutrality
-
German attacks on Belgium
- Sway American opinions
- Propaganda - Germany brutal
(15)
- 3 positions would emerge
-Isolationists, Interventionists, Internationalists
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Wilson- Neutrality
- Isolationists
-Isolate from war - not our business
- Internationalists
- US should be active, but aim to achieve peace, not
enter war
- Interventionists
- US should intervene - war affected us (Allies)
15.1- From Neutrality to War
- Neutrality to War
- (16) British blockades
-Kept goods out of Germany
-Taking contraband (weapons)
- Which grew into all supplies (gasoline, cotton, food)
- Went against international law
-Germany would respond…
15.1 - From Neutrality to War
-Neutrality to War
- (16) German responded with U-boats
- Submarines
- Sinking British ships
- (17) Sank the Lusitania (1915)
- American passengers on board
- Wilson still aimed to avoid war
- Germany promises not to sink anymore passenger ships
- Happens again – French passenger ship: Sussex (1916) - still
we avoid war
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Neutrality to War
-
Although Wilson sought peace
-He begins to prep for battle
- National Defense Act (1916)
- Increases Army
- Naval Construction Act (1916)
- Increase naval size, more warships
15.1- From Neutrality to War
-Neutrality to War
- (18)Unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Note
- Lead to US joining the war
- Zimmerman Note – Telegram to Mexico
- Proposed alliance with Germany
- Promised Mexico territories (Tex., NM, Ariz)
- For assistance in war effort
Against the US
-Intercepted by the British
-April 6, 1917- US declares war
15.2 - The Home Front
Focus: How did the war affect Americans at home?
- America Mobilizes
- US Prepares to enter the War
- Need to build an army
- Wilson pushes the Selective Service Act (1917)
-The Draft
- Men
- drawn out of 24 million registered
- 2.8 million drafted
- 4.8 Million total
-Volunteers + those drafted
15.2 - The Home Front
-
War Economy
- Wartime production
-Problems existed at first
- Council of National Defense
regulates food production
coal & petroleum distribution
railway use
- Led to the WAR Industries Board (WIB)
- Determine what products are made, destination, & cost
- Working together in industry
- For the greater good of the war effort
15.2 - The Home Front
- War Economy
- Herbert Hoover (future President)
- Head of Food Administration
- Increase food production
- Raise prices
convincing farmers to grow more crops
- Ration food*
So more could be shipped
- Wheatless Monday & Wednesday’s
- Meatless Tuesday
- Porkless Thursday’s & Saturday’s
15.2 - The Home Front
- CPI - Committee on Public Information
- Tried to shape public opinion
- Increase support for war
- Educate public - why are we fighting?
- Just cause
- George Creel - director
- Former journalist
- Advertising campaign “sell America”
- Speakers, pamphlets, letters
- Increased awareness and support
- Anti-German movement
15.2 - The Home Front
-Opposing the War
- German and Irish Americans
- Close ties to Central Power
- Pacifists
- Wanted no war
- Government responds
- Limiting rights, trespassing on civil liberties
15.2 - The Home Front
- Opposing the War
- Draft
- Resented by many
- Avoided by some as well
- Some never respond to draft notices
- Some imprisoned
-“Conscientious objectors”
- Moral or religious disproval to war effort
- Treated unfairly, harassed and embarrassed
- Treatment improves over time
15.2 - The Home Front
- Women
- Women support and oppose the war
- Against
- Rankin/ Jane Addams – against
Women’s Peace Party
- Jeannette Rankin - first female congresswoman
For
- Many women support the war effort
- Nat’l Am. Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
- Doubles in size
15.2 - The Home Front
- Dissent
-
Government didn’t waiver
- Pushed forward with war
- Little toleration for opposition
- Tried to adhere to human rights… tried
-Often treated harshly those who worked against the goal of winning
the war
- Espionage Act (1917)
- Postal Service - ban espionage/ anti-war mail
- Severe penalties for being disloyal
- $10,000 or 20 years in prison for crimes/ treason
15.2 - The Home Front
- Dissent
- 1918 Sedition Act
- Limited free speech
- Disloyal speech - no more
- Eugene V Deb (Socialist) - 10 year
sentence for speaking out
- Schenck v. United States
- Upheld Sedition Act
- First Amendment did not apply in times of public
order
- War leads to suppressing of personal
freedom
15.2 - The Home Front
- Changes to American Society
- Women:
- New opportunities
- Win the vote
- Move into workforce
- Men gone - workers needed
- All types of jobs - previously off limits
- Red Cross, Hospital, Nurses
- Efforts lead to more equality
-19th Amendment
15.2 - The Home Front
- Changes to American Society
- African Americans:
- Presented new opportunities
- War served as a chance to advance and serve
- Great Migration
- South to North
- Escaping racism
- Searching for jobs
- Industry provided many jobs
15.2 - The Home Front
- Changes to American Society
-Mexican Americans:
- Many fled Mexico
- Found jobs - farming
- Midwest/ Texas
- Seasonal movements
- Worked to harvest
- Then returned
- Barrios - Hispanic neighborhoods
- Southern California
- Added to economy and culture
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
Focus: How did Americans effect the end of World War I and
its peace settlements?
- America & The Allies
- US joined the war in 1917
- Conflict had become a stalemate
- Won or lost on the Western Front
- Would Americans make a difference?
- Europe was unsure of America
- Ethnic
divisions….commitment?
- Would they be well equipped?
- Would troops be ready for combat?
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- America & The Allies
Protection from German U-boats
-Americans helped form a “convoy”
- Group of merchant ships protected by warships
- Sail together
- Designed to limit U-boat attacks
- Hurt the Germans
- Wasted effort in U-boats
- U-boats, once effective, now ineffective
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- America & The Allies
- Land Campaign - 1917
- Not going well… for the Allies
-1918 - Vladimir Lenin gains control in Russia
- Lenin stops fighting - Germany leaves Russia (Eastern Front)
- Germany could now move troops to the Western Front
- German offensive… began to hurt the Allies
- Threat of reaching Paris
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- America & The Allies
- By 1918 - American forces were making a difference
- Led by John J. Pershing
- Steadily increasing in number
- As American troops increased
- German offensive began to stall
- Exhaustion & Allied counterattacks
- Germans mount attacks
- Allies bend but don’t break
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- American Troops
- “Doughboys” saw significant action
- Numerous stories of bravery/sacrifice
- Charged into battle
- Helped secure many victories
- By the end:
-1.3 million served on the front
- 50,000 dead
- 230,000 wounded
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- End of the War
-1918 - German front was collapsing
- Army - deserted, mutinies, quit fighting
- November 11, 1918 - Surrender to Allies
- Deaths:
- 5 Million - Allies
- 8 Million - Central Power
- 6.5 civilians
- What to do now…
- Peace?
- How?
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- Wilson “Peace Without Victory”
-Russia - Lenin - called the war
- “One big land grab”
- Imperialism and alliances
- Undervalued the Allies effort and fight
- To Wilson - much more
- About Peace and Freedom
- Wilson suggest “peace without victory”
- No need to punish those defeated
- Then outlines his “Fourteen Points”
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Promoted
- Openness
- Independence
- Freedom
- No secret alliances
- Open sea trade
- Open diplomacy
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points
-Pushes for “self-determination”
- Right of people to choose their own styles of government
- Asks for a League of Nations
- Mutual agreements & Integrity
- Large and small states get along
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- European powers and Wilson meet (1919)
- Palace of Versailles (Louis XIV)
- Wilson travels alone (a first)
- No Henry Cabot Lodge
-
Leading Republican Foreign policy expert
- Anger Republicans, for going alone
- Treated like a king when he arrives
- Adored for his help in the war
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
- Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Wilson wanted to ease into peace
- Europeans were not as eager
- They had been ravaged by the Germans
- Sought serious reparations
- Payment for war damages
- Hoping to weaken Germany
- Never gain power
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
-Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Many Allies reject Wilson’s ideas
- Britain and France both demand reparations
- Knew their people wouldn’t be satisfied
- Also demanded lands be returned
- Alsace- Lorraine- to France
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
-
Allies - League of Nations
-Most of the Allies liked very little of the “14 points”
-Wilson fought to salvage the League of Nations
-Wilson would not compromise on this
-After pushing, other countries accept
-There would be a League of Nations
-Organization for countries to gather peacefully to resolve issues
15.3- Wilson, War, and Peace
- Peace Issues
- New maps
-Where would people go?
-Where did they belong?
-Weak treaties
-Lack of enforcement
-Many areas lacked nationalism
-Just a grouping of individuals
-After land was divided up
-Attached to ruling countries - like Britain (to oversee)
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
-Wilson – Returns - Faces Issues
-German Immigrants
- Unhappy with treaty
- Too harsh
-Irish Immigrants
-Criticized failure to create an independent Ireland
-Faced serious opposition in US government
-Senate
-Congress
-Did not ratify or approve Versailles Treaty
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
-Wilson- Returns- Faces Issues
-Problems with the treaty
-Isolationist (Irreconcilables)
- Opposed the League of Nations
- Wanted no part of an international treaty
- Reservationists
-Wanted changes to treaty
-Some small some large
-Contradicts Congresses power - to declare war
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
-Wilson- Returns- Faces Issues
-
With all problems…
-Politicians were still ready to ratify
-Knew public wanted a League of Nations
- Wilson would not waiver on the League
-He wanted full ratification, no changes
-Congress was delaying… so…
-Traveled across country to promote
-But he was sick
-Suffers a stroke
15.3 - Wilson, War, and Peace
-Wilson- Returns- Faces Issues
- Senate rejects the revised Versailles Treaty (1919)
- Wilson & Wilson Democrats
-Refused to compromise on the Treaty
-Only sought full ratification
- Refusing (along with opponents) to budge
-Weakens the League of Nations
- No US support
-Made peace, and maintaining peace nearly impossible
15.4 - Effects of War
Focus: What political, economic, and social effects did World
War I have on the United States?
- The End of World War One
- Unstable (the World)
- Strong hatred for Germany (revenge)
- Russia (Lenin) Grew in power – threat of revolution
- United States - unsure of new found power
15.4 - Effects of War
- Following Peace
- Shift from war to peace was tough
-Flu Epidemic - 1918
Killed Millions
A “sense of doom”
Women & African Americans
-Found new advantages during the war
-Jobs, economic growth
-However…
Postwar
-Jobs lost to returning soldiers, competitive job market
-Race riots
15.4 - Effects of War
- Following Peace
-Recession, slowing job market
-Prices shift
-Following the war- inflation- goods & housing
-Demand was high – supply low - prices rose
-Post war Agricultural prices drop (to normal)
-Hurting farmers especially
-Industrial workers often turned to strikes
-Some successes, but far more failures
15.4- Effects of War
- The Red Scare
-Communism was growing
-Russia - Lenin pushed for communism
- Called for revolts around the glove
-Communism opposed capitalism
- Obviously not supported by Americans
-Fear of revolts and revolution caused Americans to panic
15.4- Effects of War
- The Red Scare
-Red Scare
- fear of suspected communists thought to be plotting
revolution within the US
-Suspicion of terror and revolts rose
-Some occasions the fear was warranted
-Bombs found in mail
-Random explosions across the country
15.4- Effects of War
- The Red Scare
- A. Mitchell Palmer
-US Attorney General
-Set out to stop the bombs and anarchists
-Palmer Raids
-Arresting suspected terrorist (charging very few) & deporting many
- Gave rise to the ACLU
-American Civil Liberties Union
-Aimed to protect civil rights of citizens
-Often helping in court cases… Like Sacco and Vanzetti
15.4- Effects of War
- Sacco and Vanzetti
- Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti
- Italians - known anarchist
- Charged with a crime, but little evidence linked them
- Charge mainly due to their Italian appearance
- ACLU helped attorneys defend the men
-To no avail- both men were put to death by electric chair- 1927
15.4- Effects of War
- The Red Scare
- Short in nature
-Only lasts a few years
-Characterized by mobs, immigrant abuse
- Once Americans realized
-Democracy and capitalism were firm and staying put
-The Red Scare was over
15.4- Effects of War
- Following Wilson
-Wilson hoped his successor would be Democrat:
-James M. Cox
-Would show support for peace and League of Nations
-Wilson would not be to thrilled
-Warren G. Harding (Republican)
-Wins the election
- Signified final chance for the League
-A “no-go”
15.4- Effects of War
- Warren G. Harding
- During his campaign:
- Return to normalcy
- Move away from:
-Foreign affairs & progressivism
- Harding wins in a landslide
- Republicans control congress as well
- Good bye Wilson, and your ideas
15.4- Effects of War
- America by 1920
-Became a world economic power
-European nations bought our goods
-Borrowed our money
-US- largest creditor nation
-Other nations owe more to the US than the US owes them!
-Stock exchange:
-moves from London to NY
-US was a giant in economics
15.4- Effects of War
- Post WWI- A New World
-Many European powers had faltered
-Empires fell
-France, Britain, Germany weakened
-US - strong nation
- Both economy and militarily
- But favored isolation (or neutrality)
-Wanted peace (the US)
-But failed to join the League