Transcript EDUCATION IN RUSSIA

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN RUSSIA
Сочинение Иностранные языки
In Russian, education is
split up into
compulsory basic
education, which lasts
nine years, and higher
education.
Education in Russia is provided
predominantly by the state and is
regulated by the federal Ministry of
Education.
Regional authorities regulate
education within their jurisdictions
within the prevailing framework of
federal laws.
Private institutions account for 1%
of pre-school enrollment, 0.5% of
elementary school enrollment and
17% of university-level students.
In September 2007 Russia
upgraded its compulsory education
standard from nine to eleven years.
Education in state-owned
secondary schools is free; first
tertiary (university level) education
is free with reservations: a
substantial share of students is
enrolled for full pay.
The literacy rate in Russia, according to
the 2002 census, is 99.4%.
16.0% of population over 15 years of
age have tertiary (undergradute level
or higher) education; 47.7% have
completed secondary education (10 or
11 years); 26.5% have completed
middle school (8 or 9 years) and 8.1%
have elementary education.
According to the 2002 census, 68% of
children (78% urban and 47% rural)
aged 5 are enrolled in kindergartens.
According to UNESCO data, enrollment
in any kind of pre-school program
increased from 67% in 1999 to 84% in
2005.
The stages of compulsory schooling in
Russia are: primary education for ages 6-7
to 9-10 inclusive; and senior school for
ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive, and senior
school for ages 13-14 to 14-15 inclusive. If
a pupil of secondary school wishes to go on
in higher education, he or she must stay at
school for two more years. Primary and
secondary school together comprise 11
years of study.
Eleven-year secondary education in
Russian is compulsory since
September 1, 2007.
The eleven-year school term is split
into elementary (grades 1-4),
middle (grades 5-9) and senior
(grades 10-11) classes.
Children are
accepted to first
grade at the age
of 6 or 7,
depending on
individual
development of
each child.
Children of elementary classes are
normally separated from other classes
within their own floor of a school
building.
They are taught, ideally, by a single
teacher through all four elementary
grades (except for physical training
and, if available, foreign languages);
98.5% of elementary school teachers
are women.
Pupil-to-teacher ratio (11:1) is on par
with developed European countries.
The school year extends from
September 1 to end of May and is
divided into four terms. Study
program in schools is fixed; unlike in
some Western countries,
schoolchildren or their parents have
no choice of study subjects.
Vocational training option
Upon completion of a nine-year
program the student has a choice
of either completing the remaining
two years at normal school, or of a
transfer to a specialized
professional training school.
All certificates of secondary education
regardless of issuing institution,
conform to the same state standard
and are considered, at least by law, to
be fully equivalent.
After finishing the 11th form of a
secondary school, a lyceum or a
gymnasium one can go into higher
education.
Traditionally, the universities and
institutes conducted their own
admissions tests regardless of the
applicants' school record. In 2003
the Ministry of Education
launched the Unified state
examination (USE) program
The set of standardized tests for
high school graduates, issued
uniformly throughout the country
and rated independent of the
student's schoolmasters, akin to
North American SAT, was
supposed to replace entrance
exams to state universities.
The first nation-wide USE session
covering all regions of Russia was
held in the summer of 2008.
Tertiary (university level)
education
Russia, as of 2007–2008 academic
year, has 8.1 million students
enrolled in all forms of tertiary
education (including military and
police institutions and
postgraduate studies).
Higher education institution, that is
institutes or universities, offer a 5years programme of academic subjects
for undergraduates in a variety of
fields, as well as a graduate course and
writes a thesis, he or she receives a
candidates degree or a doctoral
degree.
The trend for consolidation began in 2006 when
state universities and colleges of Rostov-on-Don,
Taganrog and other southern towns were
merged into Southern Federal University, based
in Rostov-on-Don; a similar conglomerate was
formed in Krasnoyarsk as Siberian Federal
University; the third one is likely to emerge in
Vladivostok as Pacific Federal University.
Moscow State University and Saint Petersburg
State University acquired the federal university
status in 2007 without further organizational
changes.
Post-graduate levels
The system makes a distinction
between scientific degrees, evidencing
personal postgraduate achievement in
scientific research, and related but
separate academic titles, evidencing
personal achievement in universitylevel education.