Transcript The Animal Kingdom - Tri-County Technical College

The Animal Kingdom
Bio 100
Tri-County Technical College
Pendleton, S. C. 29670
General Features of Animals
• Movement of the entire animal or
movement of a part of the animal.
• Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
• Soft Bodies
• Respond quickly and appropriately to
changes in their environment
• Sexual reproduction
• Some few animals reproduce
asexually and sexually.
• Eucaryotic cells
• No cell walls
• Multicellular forms organized into
tissues, organs, and organ systems
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual reproduction
– some part of the animal body detaches and
grows into an exact duplicate of the parent
– no variation
• Sexual reproduction
– union of egg and sperm results in an organism
that is similar to parents but not exactly like
them
Temperature Regulation
• Ectotherms
– body temperature varies
– “cold-blooded”
– reptiles
• Endotherms
– maintain a constant body temperature
– “warm-blooded”
– mammals
Body Symmetry
• Asymmetry
– no regular body form
– sponges
• Radial symmetry
– “pie” symmetry
• Bilateral symmetry
– one plane divides the body into two halves that
are mirror images of each other
Tubular Bodies
• Most animals with bilateral symmetry
– body structure composed of 3 layers
– tube within a tube
– outer tube
• muscles and nerves
– inner tube
• digestive system with a mouth at one end and an
anus at the other
Coelomate vs. Acoelomate
• coelom
– body cavity between the two tubes
• coelomate animals have a coelom
– advanced animals: earthworms, insects,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
• acoelomate, pseudocoelomate
– do not have coelom
– simple animals: jellyfish and flatworms
Vertebrate vs. Invertebrate
• Invertebrate
– don’t have a backbone
– invertebrate phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria,
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida,
Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata
• Vertebrate
– have a back bone (vertebral column
– vertebrate phylum: Chordata (Vertebrata)
THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM
Phylum Porifera
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the sponges
water circulates through the body
marine and freshwater forms
adults are anchored to something
– sessile pattern of existence
• most exhibit radial symmetrical
• no true tissues
Phylum Cnidaria
• hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones,
and coral reef
• radial symmetry
• tentacles and stinging cells
• marine mostly
• incomplete digestive tract
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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flatworms--prefix “platy” means flat
bilateral symmetry
no body cavity
incomplete digestive system
planaria, tapeworms, and flukes
some cause human disease: tapeworms and
flukes
Phylum Nematoda
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roundworms
cuticle covered body
pseudocoelom
complete digestive tract-mouth and anus
some parasites and some free-living
pinworm disease in humans
plant root nematodes
Phylum Mollusca
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muscular foot for locomotion
many have a calcium carbonate shell
complete digestive tract
have a true body cavity
body is not segmented
clams, squids, snails
many use gills for respiration
Phylum Annelida
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segmented worms
body segmentation
complete digestive tract
true body cavity
bilateral symmetry
earthworms and leeches
Phylum Arthropoda
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bilateral symmetry
tough exoskeleton
segmented: head, thorax, and abdomen
joint-legged
insects, spiders, crustaceans, centipedes,
and millipedes
• tremendous numbers
Phylum Echinodermata
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spiny-skinned animals
no body segmentation
larval stages bilaterally symmetrical
adults radially symmetrical
water vascular system--tube feet
endoskeleton under spiny skin
starfish and sea urchins
Phylum Chordata
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bilateral symmetry
segment body with endoskeleton
well-developed body cavity
single, dorsal nerve cord
enlarged anterior end of nerve cord (brain)
tail at some stage of development
complete digestive system
Subphylum Vertebrata
• vertebral column to protect spinal cord
• movement by muscles attached to
endoskeleton
• complete digestive system with large
digestive glands
• ventral heart with 2-4 chambers
• blood with RBC’s and WBC’s
• well-developed body cavity
• paired kidneys with drainage to exterior
• general body plan
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head
trunk
2 pairs of appendages
postanal tail
Classes of Vertebrates
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Class Agnatha -- jawless fishes
Class Chondrichthyes -- cartilaginous fishes
Class Osteichthyes -- bony fishes
Class Amphibia -- amphibians
Class Reptilia -- reptiles
Class Aves -- birds
Class Mammalia: mammals
Class Agnatha
• “Jawless” fish
• Hagfish and lampreys
• Some are parasites that suck the blood out
of host
Class Chondrichthyes
• cartilaginous skeleton
• sharks, rays, and skates
Class Osteichthyes
• skeleton made of bone similar to ours
• bony fishes
Class Amphibia
• frogs, newts, and salamanders
• made a partial break from water
Class Reptilia
• turtles, snakes, lizards
• made a complete break from water
• have lungs and water proofed skin
Class Aves
• birds
• only vertebrates with feathers
Class Mammalia
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have hair over most of the body
have mammary glands that produce milk
specialized teeth
feed newborns with milk
hair modified to spines in some mammals
4 chambered heart
Mammals, ctd.
• Monotremes are egg-laying mammals
– Duck-bill platypus one of three existing species
– Females do not have nipples
• Marsupials are the pouched mammals
– Kangaroos, koalas, opossums
– Deliver offspring that complete development in pouch
• Eutherians (placental mammals…but)
– Deliver well-developed offspring