Transcript Global History II

Global History Regents
Unit III - Review
Japanese Feudalism
Emperor
Highest social class but no real
political power
Military leaders
Large landowners
Warrior class
Farmers, Fishermen &
Merchants
Zen Buddhism-culturally diffused from China
• Shintoism – belief that aspects of
nature and ancestors have spirits
and should be worshipped
• Comparison with European
Feudalism
class system, warriors, code of
honor, weapons
• Towkugawa Shogunate – unified
Japan as the sole ruler
– Alternative Attendance Policy – used
the policy to control the daimyo ->
restored centralized government
The Mongols
• Rise of the Mongols – lived as nomadic
clans on the Asian steppes (NO unity)
• Genghis Khan – united the Mongol
tribes through conquest; created the
largest empire across Central Asia;
used ruthless tactics to defeat his
enemies
The Mongols
• Kublai Khan – controlled China and
created the Yuan Dynasty – foreign
ruler unites China
Impact of the Mongols
• Russia: Mongols helped to unite Russia
(gave them a common enemy)
- absolute gov’t – Ivan III (the Terrible)
becomes absolute ruler & controls Russia
- isolation – expanded the empire & rid
Russia of the Mongols & est. an empire
• China:
- Pax Mongolia – “Mongol Peace” –
brought stability & order to China & Asia
- Marco Polo – Venetian trader whose
stories of the Far East sparked interest
throughout Europe
Global Trade
Europe – Hanseatic League: as Italian
banks failed, control of trade shifted to N.
European cities in Germany
Commercial Revolution – Change in
business shifting from farming to trade
guilds: assn. of people who shared the
same job-controlled prices and wages
capitalism: economy is based on
investment
*towns grew as did the population & power
of the Middle Class
The Bubonic Plague
• Population losses: Europe lost 20-25 million;
SW Asia lost 4 million; China lost 40 million
• Economic decline: cities died b/c trade
slowed & people moved from cities back to
the countryside
• Social & political change: end of feudalism
• Confusion & disorder: people questioned
their faith in the church; Jews were wrongfully
accused
Renaissance
• Humanism: the belief in human
potential and achievement –
individualism
• Secular: separation between church
and state – church loses great
influence over the people
• Greco-Roman revival: people reexamine G-R art, philosophy, science,
math, literature -> test old theories
• Art and Architecture: new techniques
are created based on old ones
(daVinci, Michelangelo)
• Literature: wrote in the vernacular or
native languages (Shakespeare,
Dante)
• Political science: study of government
(Machiavelli – “the end justifies the
means”)
• Inventions: Gutenberg printing press
(Gutenberg Bible) – was written in
German
- inc. the output of books
- dec. in prices
- inc. availability of books
- inc. literacy & education
- free interpretation & questioning
Rise and Fall of African Civilization
• Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Axum
- structure: empires were built on the
control of trade (GOLD-SALT trade);
strong leadership/central gov’t; est.
military strength
- contributions: intro to Islam; spread
of goods (cultural diffusion)
- roles in global trade: East Africa
connected India & the Middle East to
No. Africa, the Med Sea and Europe`
• Spread and impact of Islam
- Mansa Musa: on his pilgrimage to
Mecca, he promoted the religion
throughout West Africa
Timbuktu and Africa trade routes
- was a center of trade in West Africa;
city was full of cultural diffusion
(promoted education)
Reformation and Counter
• Martin Luther’s 95 Theses: (start of the
Protestant Reformation) wrote in protest of
the unfair practices of the church (ex. sale
of indulgences)
• Henry VIII: Pope refused to grant him an
annulment so he started his own religion
with himself as its leader (Church of
England)
• John Calvin & others: many Christians
began to interpret the Bible for themselves
which leads to other new sects of the
religion with newly held beliefs
• Counter Reformation –
- Ignatius Loyola – leader of counter
reformation; est. Jesuits
- Council of Trent – Catholic leaders set up
guidelines reforming the church (not
indulgences)
*attempts by the church to slow down or
prevent Catholics from embracing
Protestantism
• Roles of men and women:
- men – only men could be church
leaders
- women – played prominent roles in
protecting reformers & promoting
Protestantism
• Religious wars in Europe: The church
tried to get Catholic rulers to help
dissuade other rulers and kingdoms
from converting
Rise of European Nation-States
• Decline of Feudalism: power shifted
from nobles to monarchs; focus shifted
to cities and business/merchants
• Elizabeth I of England: made England
into a naval power (stopped the
Spanish Armada); est. the Anglican
church; Elizabethian Age – age of
prosperity (literature)
• Joan of Arc – France:
fought for France during
the 100 Years War
against the British;
helped turn the tide of
the war; was burned at
the stake
• Nationalism – pride in
one’s nation builds;
people identified
themselves with their
nation