Transcript 18th c. European Expansion - Saint Francis High School

th
18
c. European Expansion
18th c. political history?
• absolutism & constitutionalism continue
• enlightened absolutism (ca. 1750-1790)
• French Revolution (1789)
18th c. intellectual history?
• Enlightenment (1690-1780)
This presentation will address
18th c. European ECONOMIC HISTORY.
Essential Questions:
How did Europe expand in the 18th century?
… internal growth?
(rising food production, population boom,
expansion of industry)
… external growth?
(global trade, empire building)
I. AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
Objectives
1. Compare and contrast farming methods and the
supply of food before and after the Agricultural
Revolution.
2. Explain the factors that caused the Low
Countries and England to adopt the new
methods of the Agricultural Revolution first.
17th c. Economy: Agrarian
• 80% of W. Europeans
• even more in E.
Europe
Agriculture before 1650:
The Open-Field System
• What it looked like:
– open fields, cut into strips for each family
– no fences
– common lands for pasturing animals
Smith
Walsh
Common
Land
Wilson
Miller
Carder
Carroll
Agriculture before 1650:
The Open-Field System
• Problems:
– soil exhaustion  fields lie fallow
– low output + periods of famine
Famine Foods
Grass and Bark……….
Dandelions……………….
Chestnuts………………….
Agricultural Revolution
(ca 1650-1850)
• What: elimination of the fallow
• How:
(1) crop rotation
(2) enclosure
Agricultural Revolution
(ca 1650-1850)
• Consequences:
– MUCH more food
– rise of market-oriented
estate agriculture
– proletarianization
(landless peasants)
Between 1600 and 1900, England’s wheat
output tripled. Overall, by 1870 English
farmers were producing 300% more food than
in 1700 with just 14% more labor!
Leaders:
Low Countries & England
• Low Countries 1st – why:
– densely populated
– growth of urban areas
• England 2nd – students of the Dutch
Dutch & English Innovators
• Cornelius Vermuyden (Dutch) – drainage
• Jethro Tull (English) – seed drill, horses for
plowing, selective breeding
Seed Drill
II. POPULATION EXPLOSION
Objective
Account for the dramatic population increase
in Europe during the 18th century.
Population Patterns up to 1700
• irregular cyclical pattern of slow growth
• factors that held down growth:
– famine
– disease
– war
18th c. Population Explosion
• Why: decline in mortality …
– famine: new canals and roads enabled food
transport; new foods (potato)
– disease: bubonic plague disappeared; improved
sanitation
– war: less destructive
III. COTTAGE INDUSTRY & URBAN
GUILDS
Objectives
1. Discuss the development of cottage industry and
its impact on rural life and economy.
2. Describe the features of the guild system,
explain how it evolved in the 18th century, and
explain why the guild system eventually was
replaced.
Cottage Industry
• manufacturing with hand tools in peasant homes
Cottage Industry:
The Putting-Out System
• What: merchant capitalist “put out” raw
materials to cottage workers, who returned
finished products to the merchant
• Competitive advantages (over guilds):
– low wages
– no regulation = experimentation + variety of
goods
Cottage Industry
• 1st in: England, textile industry
• family enterprise
• spinners can’t keep up with weavers 
“spinsters”
• conflict b/t workers & merchant-capitalists
• erratic pace
Urban Guilds
• elitist & monopolistic:
– restricted membership:
men, nepotism, costly
– exclusive rights to
produce certain goods
– access to limited raw
materials
Guild flags, etching from 1815.
Urban Guilds
• not open to experimentation?
• 18th c.  openness to women (ex.
dressmaking)
• lost power, late 18th c. – mid-19th c. (FR / rise
of free market)
“Industrious Revolution”
• social/econ Δs of late 17th-early 18th c.
– wage work
–  leisure time
• new pattern = foundation for IR (1780)
• Debate over consequences … life better or
worse for:
– the poor?
– women?
IV. BUILDING THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
Objectives
1. Explain how Britain became the dominant European power
in the colonial world.
2. Describe the development of slavery and its impact on the
economy in the Americas.
3. Explain how Spain recovered in the 18th century after its
17th-century decline.
4. Describe the hierarchy of Spanish colonial society.
5. Identify European colonies in Asia.
6. Explain Adam Smith’s economic theory, and contrast it with
mercantilism.
18th c. Commercial Leader:
BRITAIN!!!
Britain did have rivals:
• Dutch
• French
• Spanish
So how did Britain take the lead?
Success in war – economic & military.
Wars
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Navigation Acts (1651-1663)
Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
1. Navigation Acts (1651-1663)
• econ. warfare:
– GB imports must be
carried on GB ships (or on
ships of country
producing the goods)
– GB colonies must ship
goods on GB (or US) ships
+ buy goods from GB
• Outcome: beat out Dutch
2. Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
• 3 wars
• Outcome: not much
Δ, but coupled w/
Nav. Acts, Dutch
commerce 
Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. Britain
seized it and renamed it “New York.”
3. War of the Spanish Succession
(1701-1713)
• Cause: threat of
French/Spanish
union
• France vs. Grand
Alliance (GB,
Dutch, Austria,
Prussia)
3. War of the Spanish Succession
(1701-1713)
• Grand Alliance won!
• Peace of Utrecht:
– Fr/Sp could not be united
– France lost Amer. colonies to
GB
– Spain lost land to Austria &
gives control of slave trade to
GB
4. War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-1748)
• Cause: Prussia
(Fred the Great)
took Silesia
from Austria
(MT)
4. War of the Austrian Succession
(1740-1748)
• Came to include
Anglo-French conflicts
in India & N. America
• Outcome:
– Prussian victory
– no land Δ in N.
America
GB’s King George II at Battle of Dettingen
– defeated the French. GB fought on
Austria’s side.
5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
• Cause: MT
wanted Silesia
back
• France vs.
Britain over
colonies
5. Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
• Indecisive in Europe
• British victory in
colonies
• Treaty of Paris:
– France & Spain lost
land in N. Amer. &
India to GB
Theme: Land and Trade Monopolization
Outcome: Britain realized goal of monopolizing a
vast trading and colonial empire
IN THE COLONIES…
IN THE COLONIES….
THE AMERICAS
Atlantic Slave Trade
(18th c. height)
Atlantic Slave Trade
• plantation agriculture:
sugar, coffee, tobacco,
rice, cotton
• 1700: GB becomes leader
• 1770s-80s: GB abolition
campaign
• 1807: Parli abolished GB
slave trade
Middle Passage
Spanish Revival
After its height in the 16th c., and a drastic fall in
the 17th, Spain came back in the 18th!
• Causes:
– better leadership: Philip V
(r. 1700-1746)
– reforming ministers
Spanish Revival
• Signs of revival: colonies benefit!
– better defense
– expansion (ex. Louisiana, CA)
– silver mining recovers
– new class of wealthy Creoles
Spanish Colonial Society
• Creole: Spanish blood, born in
America
• mestizo: mixed Spanish/Indian
• debt peonage:
– 17th c. labor system
– serfdom – owner keeps
Indians in bondage by
advancing pay
IN THE COLONIES….
ASIA
Portugal (16th c.)
Outposts in Indian Ocean trading world
Dutch Republic (17th c.)
Indonesia
France
Key
light blue = 1st empire of 1600s-1700s
dark blue = 2nd empire, after 1830
India
Britain
(India, 18th c.)
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Different Economic Systems
Mercantilism
• 17th-18th c.
• gov’t. regulation
• goal: ↑ gold reserves …
exports > imports
Capitalism
• late 18th c. forward
• gov’t. stays out of economy
Adam Smith,
The Wealth of Nations (1776)
• capitalism / free market / free trade /
economic liberalism / laissez-faire
• 3 duties of gov’t.:
1. defense (military)
2. civil order (police, courts)
3. public works
Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”
“By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign
industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing
that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the
greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in
this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to
promote an end which was no part of his intention. Nor is it
always the worse for the society that it was no part of it. By
pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of
the society more effectually than when he really intends to
promote it. I have never known much good done by those
who affected to trade for the public good.”