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Phonetics
2. Phonology
2.1 The phonic medium of language
Sounds which are
meaningful in human
communication constitute
the phonic medium of
language.
2.2 Phonetics
2.2.1 What is phonetics?
Phonetics is the study of the
phonic medium of language; it
is concerned with all the sounds
that occur in the world’s
languages.
Phonetics looks at speech sounds from
three distinct but related points of view:
From the speaker’s point of
view: how a speaker uses his
speech organs to articulate the
sounds, which results in
articulatory phonetics.
From the hearer’s point of view:
how the sounds are perceived by
the hearer, which results in
auditory phonetics.
From the way sounds
travel:how sounds travel by
looking at the sound saves, the
physical means by which
sounds are transmitted through
the air from one person to
another, which results in
acoustic phonetics.
By studying sound waves
with the help of
spectrographs, acoustic
phoneticians find that the
same sounds we claim to
have heard are in most cases
only phonetically similar, but
rarely phonetically identical.
2.2.2 Organs of speech
Throat
pharyngeal cavity
articulatory apparatus
The oral cavity
mouth
Nasal cavity
nose
The pharyngeal cavity:
Vibration of the vocal
cords results in a quality
of speech sounds called
voicing, which is a feature
of all vowels and some
consonants in English.
When the vocal cords
are drawn wide apart,
letting air go through
without causing
vibration, the sounds
produced in such a
condition are voiceless.
1.lips 2.teeth
3.teeth ridge
(alveolus)
4. Hard palate 5.soft
palate(velum)
6.uvula 7.tip of
tongue 8. Blade of
tongue 9. Back of
tongue 10.vocal
cords 11.pharyngeal
cavity 12. Nasal
cavity
The nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is connected
with the oral cavity. The soft part
of the roof of the mouth, the
velum, can be drawn back to
close the passage so that all air
exiting from the lungs can only
go through the mouth. The
sounds produced in this
condition are not nasalized.
If the passage is left open to
allow air to exit through the
nose, the sounds produced
are nasalized sounds.
Broad and Narrow Transcription
A broad transcription is one
that only takes account of the
sound differences that are
important
to
distinguish
words from each other in a
language.
A broad transcription is the
transcription with lettersymbols only.
The distinction between / ph /
and /p/ does not make a
difference between words in
English. If we substitute /p/ for
/p h / in /p h in/ we produce a
peculiar pronunciation of pin
but not a new word;
But the substitution of p for t does make
a difference of word: pin/pin/ and tin/tin/
a r e d i ff e r e n t w o r d s i n E n g l i s h .
A narrow transcription attempts to
represent more or less accurately the
way in which a particular speaker
pronounces his words. A narrow
transcription is a transcription with
letter symbols together with diacritics.
Classification of English speech
sounds
The speech sounds in the English language
can be divided into vowels and consonants.
The basic difference between a vowel and a
consonant is that in the pronunciation of the
former the air that comes from the lungs meets
with no obstruction of any kind in the throat,
the nose, or the mouth, while in that of the
latter it is obstructed in one way or another.
Classification of English consonants
English consonants can
be classified either in
terms of manner of
articulation or in terms
of place of articulation.
In terms of manner of articulation:
stops: When the obstruction
created by the speech organs is
total or complete, the speech
sound produced with the
obstruction audibly released
and the air passing out again
is called a stop or a plosive.
The English stops fall into three
pairs: [p] [b], [t] [d], and [k]
[g],
fricatives:
When the obstruction is partial and
the air is forced through a narrow
passage in the mouth so as to cause
definite local friction at the
point, the speech sound thus
produced is a fricative.
The fricatives in
English are[f] [v]
[s] [z] [h], etc.
Affricates: When the obstruction,
complete at first, is released
slowly with the friction
resulting from partial
obstruction (as in fricatives),
the sounds thus produced are
affricates. In English there are
two affricates [ʧ] and [ʤ].
Liquids: When the airflow is
obstructed but is allowed to
escape through the passage between
part or parts of the tongue (the
tip or the sides ) and the roof of
the mouth, the sounds thus
produced are called liquids.
The English liquids are [ 1 ]
and [ r ]. [ 1 ] is called a
lateral sound because in the
production of it the surface of
the tongue, instead of being
more or less flat, is made
slightly convex and causes
stoppage in the centre of the
roof of the mouth while allowing
air to pass at the sides.
In the production of the other
liquid [r], the tip of the
tongue is curled back and the
air passes over it. It is also
called "retroflex."
Nasals: When the nasal passage
is opened by lowering the soft
palate at the back of the mouth
and air is allowed to pass
through it, the sounds thus
produced are called nasals.
There are three nasals in
English [ m ] [ n ] and [ŋ].
Glides, sometimes called "
semivowels," are a rather
marginal category. The English
glides are [w] and [j], both
voiced. They are formed in the
same manner as the vowels [u] and
[i], with a narrower passage
between the lips or between the
tongue and the hard palate to
cause some slight noise from the
l o c a l o b s t r u c t i o n .
In terms of place of
articulation:
bilabial:
In the
production of these sounds,
the upper and the lower
lips are brought together
to create obstruction. The
English bilabials are [p]
[ b ]
[ m ]
[ w ] .
labiodental:
In the
production of these sounds, the
lower lip is brought into contact
with the upper teeth, thus creating the obstruction. The
labiodental sounds in English are
[ f ]
a n d
[ v ] .
d e n t a l : T h e
obstruction is created
between the tip of the
tongue and the upper
teeth. There are two
dental sounds in English.
alveolar: The tip
of the tongue is
brought into contact
with the upper teethridge to create the
obstruction. The alveolar sounds are [t] [d]
[s] [z] [n] [1] [r]
palatal:
The
obstruction is between
the back of the tongue
and the hard palate.
velar: The back of the
tongue is brought into
contact with the velum, or
the soft palate. The sounds
thus produced in English
are [k] [g] and [ŋ].
glottal : The vocal
cords are brought
momentarily together to
create the obstruction.
There is only one glottal
sound in English, i.e.[h].