Transcript Psychology and You

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Group Behavior
Section 2: Conformity and
Obedience
Section 3: Conflict and
Cooperation
Chapter Objectives ·
Section 1
Group Behavior
Explain that a group is a collection of
people who interact, share common
goals, and influence how members
think and act. Explore how groups
are unified by the attitudes and
standards members share and their
commitment to them.
Chapter Objectives ·
Section 2
Conformity and Obedience
Describe how you may engage in
behavior because of direct or indirect
group pressure or in response to
orders given by authorities.
Chapter Objectives ·
Section 3
Conflict and Cooperation
Explore conflicts between groups that
result because groups influence how
individuals perceive and respond to
situations.
Main Idea
A group—a collection of people who interact,
share common goals, and influence how
members think and act—is unified by the
attitudes and standards members share and
by their commitment to those beliefs.
Vocabulary
• group
• social inhibition
• task functions
• group polarization
• social functions
• groupthink
• norms
• sociogram
• ideology
• social facilitation
Objectives
• Define and explain different types of
groups.
• Describe the interactive patterns within
groups.
How important are groups in your life?
A. Very important
B. Somewhat important
C. Not very important
D. Not important at all
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
What Are Groups?
• Group
• An aggregate is a collection of people who
congregate but do not interact.
What Are Groups? (cont.)
• Interdependence occurs when any action
by one member will affect or influence the
other members.
– Each member has a role and a certain
responsibility to the rest of the group.
– Group members become interdependent
because they share common goals.
What Are Groups? (cont.)
• Communication about a group can be
directed outwardly toward the public or
internally within a group.
What Are Groups? (cont.)
• The purposes groups serve are of two
general kinds:
– Task functions
– Social functions
• In most groups, task and social functions
are combined.
What are some reasons that communication
is so essential within a group?
A. encourages debate among
members regarding
individual goals
0%
D
A
D. All of the above
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. crucial to the functions
of a group
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. increases members’
feelings of commitment
to group goals
How Groups Are Held Together
• Two factors work to hold a group together:
– Shared values
• Norms
• Rules are shared beliefs about the correct
way to behave and what to believe.
• Ideology
– Standards and the group’s commitment
to them
How Groups Are Held Together (cont.)
• Factors the strengthen group commitment:
– Requirement of personal sacrifice
– Participation
Why Do We Join Groups?
Which of the following factors must
be present to maintain the cohesion
of a group?
A. Norms
B. Ideology
C. Commitment
D. Participation
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0% C.0%C
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Types of Groups
• In-group—when a group’s members
identify with their group.
• Out-group—everyone who is not a
member of the in-group.
Types of Groups (cont.)
• Primary group—a group of people who
interact daily face-to-face.
• Secondary group—a larger group of
people with whom you might have more
impersonal relationships.
How many different primary groups
exist in your life?
A. one or two
B. three
C. four
D. five or more
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%C. 0%
C
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Social Facilitation Versus Social
Inhibition
• Social facilitation—an increase in
performance in front of a crowd.
• Social inhibition—a decrease in
performance in front of a crowd.
• The effect of a crowd on your behavior
may also be a reflection of your concern
about being evaluated.
Do you feel that, in general, you are
comfortable in front of a crowd?
A. Very much so
B. Somewhat
C. Not very much
D. Not at all
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0% C.0%C
D. D
B
C
0%
D
Interactions Within Groups
• The study of group structure is the study of
the roles various members play in the group
and how these roles are interrelated.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Aspects to group structure:
– The personal relationship between
individual members.
– The rank of each member on a particular
dimension.
– The roles various members play.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• A role is a behavior expected of an
individual because of his or her
membership in a particular group.
– Each of us has multiple roles that shift
as we merge with different groups.
– We may find ourselves in role conflict.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Group polarization
– If opinions are equally split on an issue
before a discussion, the group discussion
will usually result in a compromise.
• Groupthink
Group Polarization
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• How to improve group decision making:
– Leaders should avoid strongly advocating their
own views and, instead, encourage group
discussion.
– Group members should hear all viewpoints and
challenge one another’s views.
– The minority viewpoint should be expressed and
discussed.
– Group members should focus on the task.
– The lines of communication should remain open.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• When studying groups, social psychologists
use a technique called a sociogram.
– The diagrams can help psychologists
predict how that individual is likely to
communicate with other group members.
Sociograms
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Another way to discover the structure of a
group is to examine the communication
patterns in a group.
• A leader embodies the norms and ideals of
the group and represents the group to
outsiders.
– Within the group, a leader initiates
action, gives orders, makes decisions,
and settles disputes.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Different views of leadership:
– Leadership as a personality trait—the
leader holds the ability to get people to
comply; he has skills in social influence
or persuasion or social power.
– Leaders who are concerned with both
output and the welfare of the people.
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
– The end product of the reinforcements of
the group being led are important.
– Transformational leadership—produces
large-scale organizational change by
changing the goals of group members.
Leavitte’s Communication
Network System
Interactions Within Groups (cont.)
• Three leadership styles:
– Authoritarian—she makes all the
decisions and assigns tasks to group
members.
– Laissez-faire—she is only minimally
involved in a group’s decision making.
– Democratic—she encourages group
members to come to decisions through
consensus.
What is poor group decision making
as a result of a group emphasizing
unity or critical thinking?
A. Group polarization
B. Groupthink
C. Sociogram
D. Transformational
leadership
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
You may engage in behavior because of
direct or indirect group pressure or in
response to orders given by authorities.
Vocabulary
• conformity
• obedience
Objectives
• Identify ways that groups can influence an
individual’s behavior.
• Explain why most people tend to obey
authority figures.
Do you follow fashion trends that
your friends are wearing?
A. Yes
B. No
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. Sometimes
Group Pressure to Conform
• Conformity
– Solomon Asch designed an experiment to
test conformity to pressure from one’s
peers.
– About 75% of the people conformed some
of the time.
Asch’s Experiment
Group Pressure to Conform (cont.)
• Compliance occurs when we respond to
the request of another person without
necessarily changing our beliefs.
– The foot-in-the-door technique—when
you get a person to agree to a relatively
minor request in order to build up to a
major request.
Group Pressure to Conform (cont.)
• Factors that increase conforming behavior
in people:
– Belonging to a group that emphasizes
the role of groups rather than
individuals.
– The desire to be liked by other members
of the group.
– Low self esteem
– Social shyness
Group Pressure to Conform (cont.)
– Lack of familiarity with a task
– Group size
– Cultural influences
What percentage of people conformed
some of the time in the Asch experiment?
A. 50
B. 60
C. 75
D. 85
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Obedience to Authority
• Obedience
• Stanley Miligram conducted a famous
investigation using fake shock treatment to
test peoples’ obedience.
– 65% of the participants delivered the full
range of shocks, showing that social
conditioning for obeying legitimate
authorities is so strongly ingrained that
people often lack the words or the ways
to do otherwise.
Obedience to Authority (cont.)
• In the Stanford prison experiment,
participants were divided into groups of
“guards” and “prisoners.”
• The emotional reactions were so extreme
that the experimenters ended the planned
two week experiment after 6 days.
• This experiment demonstrated the power
that situations can have in changing how
we feel, think, and behave.
If a police officer demanded you to give
him all your money, would you do it?
A. Yes
B. No
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. Not sure
Main Idea
Conflicts between groups are a fact of
everyday life. Individuals perceive and
respond to situations differently in a group,
sometimes giving up responsibility for their
actions.
Vocabulary
• aggression
• deindividuation
• catharsis
• altruism
• diffusion of responsibility
• bystander effect
• social loafing
Objectives
• Explain causes of group conflict and
cooperation.
• Summarize how group dynamics promote
or restrain altruism and aggression.
Do you think there is too much
violence on TV?
A. Yes
B. No
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. Not sure
Aggression
• Aggression
• Theories explaining aggression:
– Biological influences—neurotransmitters
can influence aggression.
– Cognitive factors—Albert Bandura
proposes that children learn aggression
by observing and imitating their parents.
– The media may also play a role.
Aggression (cont.)
– Personality factors—we may be
predisposed to aggressive behavior.
– Environmental factors—frustrationaggression hypothesis—frustration or a
failure to obtain something expected
leads to aggression.
A Model of Aggression
Which influence do you think plays
the largest role in aggression?
A. Biological
B. Cognitive
C. Personality
D. Environmental
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Controlling Aggression
• Way to control aggression:
– Catharsis
– Punishing children for violent behavior
(but not in an aggressive way).
– Cutting down on the violence they
observe.
– Teaching people to accept frustrations
and move on and to react in other ways
than aggression.
Do you think the method of catharsis is a
beneficial way to deal with aggression?
A. Yes
B. No
0%
C
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
C. Not sure
Group Conflict Versus Cooperation
• Psychologists created a boy’s camp to
study intergroup relations.
• The results: two groups of boys from
identical backgrounds had developed
considerable hostility toward each other
simply because they were placed in
competition.
• The crucial factor in eliminating group
hostility was cooperation.
Group Conflict Versus Cooperation (cont.)
• Conflict applies to large communities too.
• A social trap occurs when individuals in a
group decide not to cooperate.
Would you consider becoming
friends with kids from other, rival
schools?
A. Yes
B. No
0%
C
A
0%
B
C. Not sure
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
Altruism
• Altruism
• Diffusion of responsibility
• The bystander effect
– The larger the crowd of bystanders, the
more likely any given individual is to feel
that he or she is responsible for trying to
alter what is going on.
Altruism (cont.)
• Another influence that inhibits action is the
tendency to minimize the need for any
response.
Altruism (cont.)
• Factors that increase the likelihood of help
being offered:
– The presence of a leader.
– Being familiar with the person needing help.
– Knowing what kind of help is required.
– Seeing the correct form of assistance being
modeled.
– Expecting future interactions with the person
needing help.
Altruism (cont.)
• Social loafing
• Individualistic—when a person acts as an
individual, obeys her conscience, and is
concerned with self-evaluation.
• Deindividuation
– This person acts without thinking about
self and goes along with the group.
Altruism (cont.)
• Social pressure can also affect us
positively—people care deeply about what
others think of them, so they often choose to
do the right thing.
Do you feel that in general people are
more aggressive or altruistic?
A. Aggressive
B. Altruistic
C. Both
D. Neither
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Why Do We Join Groups?
Psychologists have proposed various reasons why we join groups.
Group Polarization
Each triangle represents the opinion of one individual. Before the group discussion,
individuals are divided in the content and strength of their opinions. After the group
discussion, individuals’ opinions move toward a more extreme version from their initial
opinions.
Sociograms
In these sociograms, the blue arrows indicate admiration that is not returned, and the
black arrows indicate a two-way friendship. The more a person is liked, the higher in the
pattern he or she appears. The pattern of the bottom group shows a hierarchical
structure.
Leavitt’s Communication Network System
Each dot represents a person.
The lines represent open
channels. Participants could
exchange messages only with
the person to whom they were
connected by channels.
Asch’s Experiment
These two choices were
shown to participants in one
trial of Asch’s experiment on
conformity. The participants’
task was to determine
whether the length of the
standard line matches the
length of the comparison
lines. The actual
discrimination is easy.
A Model of Aggression
This is just one model of
aggression. Psychologists have
proposed various biological,
cognitive, and environmental
factors that influence a person’s
response to the fight-or-flight
dilemma.
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
Group Interdependence
Leadership Styles
Select a transparency to view.
group: a collection of people who have
shared goals, a degree of
interdependence, and some amount of
communication
task functions: activities directed toward
getting a job done
social functions: responses directed
toward satisfying the emotional needs of
members
norms: shared standards of behavior
accepted by and expected from group
members
ideology: the set of principles, attitudes,
and defined objectives for which a group
stands
social facilitation: an increase in
performance in front of a crowd
social inhibition: a decrease in
performance in front of a crowd
group polarization: theory that group
discussion reinforces the majority’s point
of view and shifts group members’
opinions to a more extreme position
groupthink: poor group decision making
that occurs as a result of a group
emphasizing unity over critical thinking
sociogram: a diagram that represents
relationships within a group, especially
likes and dislikes of members for other
members
conformity: acting in accord with group
norms or customs
obedience: a change in attitude or
behavior brought about by social
pressure to comply with people
perceived to be authorities
aggression: behavior intended to do
physical or psychological harm to others
catharsis: releasing anger or aggression
by letting out powerful negative emotions
altruism: helping others, often at a cost
or risk, for reasons other than rewards
diffusion of responsibility: the
presence of others lessens an
individual’s feelings of responsibility for
his or her actions or failure to act
bystander effect: an individual does not
take action because of the presence of
others
social loafing: the tendency to work less
hard when sharing the workload with
others
deindividuation: individuals behave
irrationally when there is less chance of
being personally identified
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