Transcript Migration - AP Human Geography

Migration
Chapter 3
Migration
• Migration A change in
residence that is intended
to be permanent.
• Emigration-leaving a
country.
• Immigration-entering a
country.
Little Haiti, Miami, Florida
• On average, Americans move once every 6 years.
• US population is the most mobile in the world with
over 5 million moving from 1 state to another every
year.
• 35 million move within a state, county or community
each year.
• Migration a key factor in the speed of diffusion of
ideas and innovation.
• Our perception of distance and direction are often
distorted-thus a sizable % of migrants return to their
original home due to these distorted perceptions.
Types of Migration
• Forced Migration-migrants
have no choice-must leave.
• periodic movement-short term
(weeks or months) seasonal
migration to college, winter in
the south, etc.
• Cyclic movement-daily
movement to work, shopping.
• Transhumance-seasonal
pastoral farming-Switzerland,
Horn of Africa.
• Nomadism-cyclical, yet
irregular migration that follows
the growth of vegetation.
Commuter train in Soweto,
South Africa
From 12 to 30 million Africans were forced from
their homelands in the 18th century. It took
generations to restore the population balance.
Catalysts of Migration (Push-Pull Factors-push factors
induce people to leave. Pull factors encourage people to move to an area.)
• Economic conditions-poverty
and a desire for opportunity.
• Political conditionspersecution, expulsion, or war.
• Environmental conditionscrop failures, floods, drought,
environmentally induced
famine.
• Culture and traditionthreatened by change.
• Technology-easier and cheaper
transport or change in livability.
Economic Conditions – Migrants will often risk
their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will
enable them to send money home (remittances) to
their family members who remain behind.
Most illegal immigrants are Mexicans, but a growing number
Are from Central and South America, like the men waiting
Outside of “Bar Honduras” in Nuevo Laredo.
• A massive dump site
in Arizona’s Upper
Altar Valley. After
walking 40 miles
through the desert,
illegal immigrants are
met here by coyotes.
They are told to dump
their old clothes &
packs and put on more
“American” looking
clothes the coyotes
have brought. They
then begin the trip to
an urban stash house.
Environmental Conditions –In Montserrat, a 1995
volcano made the southern half of the island, including
the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who
remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.
Economic
Opportunities
Islands of
Development –
Places within a
region or country
where foreign
investment, jobs,
and infrastructure
are concentrated.
Economic
Opportunities
In late 1800s and
early 1900s,
Chinese migrated
throughout
Southeast Asia to
work in trade,
commerce, and
finance.
Reconnecting
Cultural Groups
•About 700,000 Jews
migrated to thenPalestine between 1900
and 1948.
•After 1948, when the
land was divided into
two states (Israel and
Palestine), 600,000
Palestinian Arabs fled or
were pushed out of
newly-designated Israeli
territories.
Jerusalem, Israel: Jewish settlements on the
West Bank.
Voluntary Migration – Migrants weigh push and pull
factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country
and second, where to go.
Distance Decay
weighs into the
decision to
migrate, leading
many migrants to
move less far
than they
originally
contemplate.
Refugees
A person who flees across an international boundary because
of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group,
or political opinion.
Characteristics of Refugees
• Move with only what they can carry or
easily transport.
• Most move first on foot, bicycle,
wagon or open boat-very low tech.
transport.
• Most have no official documentation
such as passports, identification or
other official papers.
Ernst Ravenstein’s “Laws of migration”
1885 he studied the migration of England
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Most migrants go only a short distance.
Big cities attract long distance migrants.
Most migration is step-by-step.
Most migration is rural to urban
Each migration flow produces a counterflow.
Most migrants are adults-families are less
likely to make international moves.
• Most international migrants are young males.
Historic US Migration
• Westward to the frontier.
• Black migration to
northern cities in WWI
and WWII period
• 1950s, 60s Cubans to
Florida from Castro’s
Cuba
• In recent decades the
migration from the Rust
belt to the Sunbelt took
place.
• Some blacks returned to
the South
Migrants face obstacles
• Quota Laws-limit the number of immigrants
from a particular country
– Today: 480,000 family-sponsored immigrants
plus 140,000 employment-related immigrants
– Brain Drain: preference is given to educated
immigrants thus causing a lack in their home
countries
Guest Workers or Time-Contract
Workers
• Guest workers – migrants whom a country
allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the
workers will go “home” once the labor need
subsides.
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country
- France-many from Algeria
- Germany-many from Turkey, Eastern
Europe
Cultural Problems
• U.S. attitudes toward immigrants
Post-September 11
The End