Transcript Ch. 9 - Christian Europe Emerges, 600–1200
Ch. 9 - Christian
Byzantine Empire
Europe Emerges,
leads to the Russian Empire
600 –1200
AFTER EXAM: 1.Turn in Mongols Essay (check for your name!) 2.Complete Byzantine Empire Atlas worksheet – (you don’t need to do the Tang China side.) 3.Byzantine’s DBQ packet – answer all of the questions. You do not need to write an essay for this.
4. 2 Handouts: Eastern Empire Survives & Byzantine Empire: answer prompts with short paragraphs.
Writing Assignments:
Read “The Eastern Empire survives”
Think about the development of the Eastern empire and the methods of the emperors to control their empire.
Write: Answer the prompts as thoroughly as you can.
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Writing Assignments for this Unit:
Recreate the map on pg 270 in your text books. Reading/Writing Assignments rest of unit: unless otherwise noted, complete questions on handouts with complete sentences – short paragraphs always nice.
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The Early Byzantine Empire
Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there 340 CE 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul
The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium
Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5 th c. CE Eastern territories remain major power until 13 th c. CE Roman infrastructure in place Roads, institutional hierarchies Challenges from strong Persian empire (Sassanid dynasty, 226-641 CE) Invasions of Germanic peoples 7
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Caesaropapism
Power centralized in figure of Emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority Political rule Involved in Religious rule as well Authority absolute
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The Byzantine Court
Etiquette reinforces authority of Emperor Royal purple Prostration Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the old Roman Empire. Long after Rome fell (476 A.D.) under the Germanic invaders, Byzantium continued in Constantinople. Byzantine, Russian, and Turkish cultures develop, while Christian and Islamic societies fight over religious issues and territory.
The Byzantine Empire lasted over 1000 years, from the 400s until the Empire’s fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
One outstanding emperor was Justinian and he ruled from 527 –565 A.D..
His reign saw great Byzantine expansion across North Africa, Sicily, Italy, and even southern Spain. He wanted to restore the empire to its former Roman glory.
His reign was one of the last that still used Latin as the official royal language.
Greek became the new language.
New Laws for the Empire
Justinian seeks to revise and update laws for governing the empire
Justinian Code
—new set of laws consisting of four main parts Code regulates much of Byzantine life; lasts for 900 years
Creating the Imperial Capital
Justinian launches program to beautify capital, Constantinople Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture and learning Constructs new buildings; builds magnificent church,
Hagia Sophia
Justinian oversaw the construction of a great church in the city that would to be the shining example of Byzantine architecture.
Built the Church of the Hagia Sophia . (Hagia Sophia translates from the Greek as
Holy Wisdom
.) (The building measures 250 feet by 235 feet and features a great dome measuring 107 feet across and peaking at a height of 185 feet.
The building took five years to complete with 10,000 men working on it. Inside, the great church was adorned with marble, elaborate columns, intricate mosaics, and gold.)
Mosaic depicting Justinian (left) presenting model of church of Hagia Sophia to the Virgin Mary. Constantine to the right presents her with a model of Constantinople
Constantinople’s Hectic Pace
City becomes trading hub with major marketplace Giant Hippodrome offers chariot races and other entertainment Racing fans start riots in 532; government restores order violently Empress Theodora — powerful wife and adviser to Justinian
Years of Turmoil
Justinian dies in 565; empire faces many crises after his death
The Plague of Justinian
Bubonic plague repeatedly sweeps empire; kills many residents
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Byzantine Conquests
General Belisarius recaptures much of western Roman Empire under Justinian Unable to consolidate control of territories Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs
The Byzantine empire and its neighbors 527-554 C.E.
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Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival
7 th century Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Defense made possible through use of “greek fire”
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Imperial Organization
Themes
(provinces) under control of generals Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants
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Tensions with Western Europe
Church Byzantine: Greek; Roman: Latin Conflicts over hierarchical control Fealty of Germanic peoples Roman pope crowns Charlemagne in 800, a challenge to Byzantine authority
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Byzantine Economy and Society
Constantinople largest city in Europe, 5 th -13 th c.
Dependent on small landholders, free peasants Earlier large landholdings destroyed by invasions in 6 th -7 th centuries
Theme
system rewards soldiers with land grants
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Decline of the Free Peasantry
Large landholdings on the increase Reduces tax revenues, recruits to military Last three centuries indicate steady decline of economy
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Manufacturing and Trade
Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after 6 th century Tax revenues from silk route Banking services develop
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Urban Life
Aristocrats: palances; artisans: apartments; working poor: communal living spaces Hippodrome Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” Politically inspired rioting
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Orthodox Christianity
Legacy of Classical Greece Greek replaces Latin after 6 th New Testament c. CE; language of Byzantine education sponsors development of large literate class for state bureaucracy Training in classical canon
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The Byzantine Church
Church and state closely aligned Council of Nicea (325) bans Arian movement Human/divine nature of Jesus Constantine favors Arians, but supports Nicean condemnation Byzantine Emperors appoint Patriarchs Caesaropapism creates dissent in church
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Iconoclasm
Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 CE) Destruction of icons after 726 Popular protest, rioting Policy abandoned 843
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Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Theology
Attempt to reconcile Greek philosophy with Judeo-Christianity Constantine establishes school to apply philosophical methods to religious questions
Ascetism
Hermit-like existence Celibacy Fasting Prayer St. Simeon Stylite Lived atop pillar for 37 Years until his death 30
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Byzantine Monasticism and St. Basil (329-379 CE)
Patriarch of Constantinople reforms monasteries Communal living Hierarchical structure Mt. Athos No women, female animals allowed
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Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity
Ritual disputes Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass Theological disputes Iconoclasm Nature of the Trinity
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Schism
Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction Autonomy of Patriarchs, or Primacy of Rome?
1054 Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of Rome excommunicate each other East: Orthodox Church West: Roman Catholic
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Social Problems in the Byzantine Empire
Generals of
themes
become allied with local aristocrats Intermarry, create class of elite Occasional rebellions vs. Imperial Rule
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Challenges from the West
Western European economic development Normans from Scandinavia press on Byzantine territories Crusades of 12 th -13 th centuries rampage through Byzantine territory Constantinople sacked, 1204
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Challenges from the East
Muslim Saljuqs invade Anatolia Threatens grain supply Defeat Byzantine army in 1071, creates civil conflict Period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 Renamed Istanbul
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The Byzantine empire and its neighbors about 1100 C.E.
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Influence on Slavic Cultures
Relations from 6 th c. CE Bulgaria influenced culturally, politically Saints Cyril and Methodius Create Cyrillic alphabet Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium
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Kievan Rus’
Conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 Byzantine culture influences development of Slavic cultures Distinctively Slavic Orthodox church develops Eventual heir to Byzantium
Attacks from East and West
Byzantium faces attacks from many different groups Empire survives through bribery, diplomacy, and military power Constantinople falls in 1453; brings an end to Byzantine Empire
A Religious Split
Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires Two churches disagree over many issues, including use of icons
Icons
are religious images used to aid in prayer Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity known as
patriarch
In the West, pope
excommunicated
emperor — banished him from the Church
A Religious Split
Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other over religious doctrines Eastern and Western churches officially split in 1054 West —Roman Catholic Church; East—Orthodox Church
Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs
Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to convert northern peoples, Slavs Missionaries create
Cyrillic alphabet
—basis of many Slavic languages Alphabet enables many groups to read the Bible
Kievan Russia and the Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century
By the 11 th century, the princes of Kievan Russia had brought all the eastern Slavs under their rule. Loss of Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia to Arab invaders in the 7th to 8th century had turned Byzantium from a far-flung empire into a fairly compact state. Byzantine rulers then looked to the Balkans and Kievan Russia as the primary arena for extending their political and religious influence.
The Rise of the Kievan State 900 – 1200 In its early history, Russia was inhabited by a number of peoples of different language and ethnic groups whose territory shifted from century to century. What emerged was a general pattern of Slavs in the east, Finns in the north, and Turkic tribes in the south.
Forest dwellers, steppe nomads, and farmers in the various ecological zones traded with each other.
Long-distance caravan trade linked Russia to the Silk Road, while Varangians (relatives of Vikings) were active traders on the rivers, and the Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Volga.
The Rus were societies of western Slav farmers ruled by Varangian nobles. Their most important cities were Kiev and Novgorod, both centers of trade.
In 980, Vladimir I became Grand Prince of Kiev. He chose Orthodox Christianity as the religion of his state and imitated the culture of the Byzantine Empire, building churches, adopting the Cyrillic alphabet, and orienting his trade toward the Byzantines.
Internal political struggles and conflict with external foes led to a decline of Kievan Russia after 1100.
Society and Culture Kievan Russia had poor agricultural land, short growing season, and primitive farming technology. Food production was low, and the political power of the Kievan state relied more on trade than it did on landholding.
The major cities of Kiev and Novgorod had populations of 30,000 to 50,000 of peasants.
—much smaller than Constantinople or large Muslim cities. Kiev, Novgorod, and other much smaller urban areas were centers for craftspeople and artisans, whose social status was higher than that Christianity spread slowly in the Kievan state. Pagan customs and polygamy persisted until as late as the 12 th century. In the 12 th century, Christianity triumphed and the church became more powerful, with some clergy functioning as tax collectors for the state.
Comparative Perspectives Church Differences Between Western Europe and Byzantium Church leaders developed different theological viewpoints and customs.
Western church leaders wrote their treatises in Latin; eastern church leaders wrote in Greek.
The eastern church was influenced by Arab conquests of the seventh century; the western church was not. Arabian conquests separated the two churches through an interruption in communication, leading to more distinctions in their development.
Political and Economic Distinctions Between Western Europe and Byzantium Initially, the Byzantine Empire, following Roman political and legal heritage that had mostly faded in the west, enjoyed more economic prosperity and sophistication in the arts and culture than the west.
Christianity became embedded in Byzantine society before it did in the western church.
The Byzantine Empire did not witness the improved military techniques, new agricultural technologies, population growth, and trade of Western Europe, leading to its decline in prosperity and cultural innovation in comparison to the west.
Absolutism in Russia: The Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)
Peter I (“the Great,” r. 1682-1725) Worked to modernize Russia on western European model Developed modern Russian army, reformed Russian government bureaucracy, demanded changes in fashion: beards forbidden Built new capital at St. Petersburg Catherine II (“the Great”, r. 1762-1796) Huge military expansion Partitions of Poland, 1772-1797 Social reforms at first, but end with Pugachev peasant rebellion (1773-1774) 46
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The Russian empire, 1801-1914
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The Russian Empire in Decline
Russia a massive, multi-cultural empire Only approximately half speak Russian, observe Russian Orthodox Christianity Romanov Tsars rule autocratic empire Powerful class of nobles exempt from taxation, military duty Exploitative serfdom
End This Unit
The remainder will be picked up in one of the last units.
The Crimean War, 1853-1856
Russian expansion into Caucasus in larger attempt to establish control over weakening Ottoman empire Threatens to upset balance of power, Europeans become involved Russia driven back from Crimea in humiliating defeat Demonstration of Russian weakness in the 50 face of western technology, strategy
Reform: Emancipation of the Serfs
Serfdom source of rural instability and peasant revolt Tsar Alexander II emancipates serfs in 1861, without alleviating poverty, land hunger Forced to pay for lands they had farmed for generations Limited attempts to reform administration, small-scale representative government Network of elected district assemblies called
zemstvos
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Industrialization in Russia
Count Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903 Massive railroad construction Trans-Siberian railroad But massive industrial discontent Peasants uprooted from rural lifestyle to work for low wages, long hours
Repression
Intelligentsia class spreads radical ideas for social change Socialists, anarchists Terror tactics, assassinations Attempt to connect with the mistrustful peasantry in 1870s, denounced and sent into Siberian exile Tsarist authorities turn to censorship, secret police Nationalist sentiment seething in Baltics, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, central Asia 53
Radicalization
1881 radical People’s Will movement assassinates Tsar Alexander II Prompted widespread
pogrom
attacks on Jews Increased repression Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) enters into war with Japan (1904-1905) Humiliating defeat exposes government weaknesses Social discontent boils over in Revolution of 1905 Strikes force government to make concessions 54