Transcript PERSUASION - Mountain View Middle School

Agenda February 1, 2011
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Good Things
Journal
Continue Persuasion Unit: Evaluating Evidence &
Recognizing Fallacies
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Video: The Language of Persuasion
Poster Project
Persuasion in Advertising Assignment – Due Today
Fallacies Poster: Due tomorrow!
Journal
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Every day at school, we stand up to say
the Pledge of Allegiance to the United
States Flag. RESPOND TO THE
FOLLOWING:
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Do you think that schools should require
students to do the Pledge or not? WHY?
Write your Answer in Complete sentences
and give specific reasons for your opinion.
EVALUATING EVIDENCE
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KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FACTS
AND OPINION
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Facts: Statements that can be proven
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SCHOOLS WITH VIDEO MONITORS HAVE REPORTED LESS
RUNNING IN THE HALLWAYS AND FEWER ACCIDENTS WITHIN
THEIR FACILITIES.
OPINION- statement of a personal belief that
can’t be proven
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VIDEO MONITORS IN OUR SCHOOL WILL BE TOO
INSTRUSIVE.
EVALUATING EVIDENCE
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To be convinced of something, we need to
have proof that the proposed suggestions
make sense.
EVIDENCE: the proof that a persuader uses to
convince us to agree with their point of view.
 Good evidence is called SOUND evidence. Bad
evidence is called UNSOUND.
 Good evidence is called RELIABLE because it
can be trusted over and over again.
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Types of Sound Evidence
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Quotes from experts
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Experts are people who are knowledgeable in a field.
Statistics (numbers) that come from reliable
sources
First hand experiences
Stories
Facts
Opinions
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Expert opinions come from people who are trusted.
Faulty Reasoning
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FALLACIES: Faulty reasoning that is based
on weak evidence or not enough
information.
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Persuaders who do not have enough evidence
to support an argument usually use fallacies to
get their point across.
Types of Fallacies
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1.OVERGENERALIZATION
2. EITHER-OR FALLACY
3. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT FALLACY
4. CIRCULAR REASONING
5. PROPOGANDA
6. BAND-WAGON
7. NAME-CALLING
8. SNOB APPEAL
9. ONCE-IN-A LIFETIME
10. OVERSIMPLIFICATION
OVERGENERALIZATION
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A broad statement that says something is
true for EVERY case, even though there are
other possibilities.
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Every school official who supports video
monitoring supports invasion of student
privacy.
EITHER-OR FALLACY
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Stating that there are only two possible
reasons or options.
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Either you vote for video monitoring in
schools or you don’t care about student’s
safety.
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT FALLACY
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Stating that because one event followed another, the
second was caused by the first.
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Mountain View Middle School cut security staff and
two children got hurt at lunch.
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MORE LOGICAL- Two Mountain view Middle school
students were injured during lunch because they were
running and slipped on wet pavement that had just
been washed down.
CIRCULAR REASONING
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An attempt to support a statement just by
repeating it in other words.
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Wearing school uniforms is a good idea because
uniforms are good for kids to wear.
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LOGICAL STATEMENT: Having children wear school
uniforms is a good idea because it limits theft, selfesteem issues, and inappropriate dress.
PROPOGANDA
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Using misleading,
distorted, or false
information to make
someone believe or
agree with a position.
Name Calling/Ad-Hominem
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This is when a person’s
character is put down,
and not their
argument or evidence.
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Basically it’s just
coming back with the
“You’re Stupid!” bit.
Snob Appeal
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Making it sound like
agreeing with a
position will make
you superior to
others.
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“When you care
enough to send the
very best…send
Hallmark.”
Once-in-a-Lifetime
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This type of fallacy
gives a feeling of
urgency…like it’s a
deal that will never
ever be made again!
Oversimplification
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Emphasizing only the
good parts, while
downplaying the bad
parts.
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“Getting a new PS3 is
really worth the $600
investment because you
also get a blue-ray
player and you can play
older games on it.”
Bandwagon
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The everyone else is doing
it so you should too bit!
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Clyde: “Dad, can I go to
see the movie “Attack of
the Killer Beavers??”
Dad: “No, son, you can’t
go. I heard that movie
has bad things in it.”
Clyde: “Awe, come on,
everybody’s going to see
it!”
Homework Assignment: 35 POINTS
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Using your notes as a guide, select ONE OF the
fallacies we learned about in class.
 Write the title of the Fallacy in BIG letters on the top.
 Create an example of the FALLACY in use. YOU MAY
NOT USE THE ONE IN THE EXAMPLES.
 Create a believable picture to visually demonstrate it.
It may be drawn or create a collage. You may not use
copyrighted material or clip art.
 Define the fallacy at the bottom of the page.
 Color, neatness, and accuracy count.
PERSUASION
HOW TO ANALYZE
PERSUASIVE PASSAGES
PERSUASION
An attempt to CONVINCE others to accept your
point of view.
 ARGUMENT: When you persuade, it is called
ARGUING for your POSITION.
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COUNTERARGUMENT: A person who disagrees with
you and points out other suggestions or a different
point of view.
To persuade means to PROPOSE a choice to
someone, and then give he or she lots of good
reasons to accept what you have proposed.
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Reasons are called SUPPORT or EVIDENCE.
Where do you see Persuasion?
Magazines
 Commercials
 Newspapers
 In Politics
 Whenever you try to get what you want!
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Magazine Advertisements
Commercials
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyET522rKMA (Proactive)
Language
“Killer burgers”
A twelve year-old child was killed
today by a repeat offender:fast
food. Susan Groom was a regular
customer at McDonalds restaurant.
She would sneak in to ‘snack’ in
between meals with friends
whenever she could. It became
almost an obsession, an addiction.
She had no signs of obesity but an
autopsy revealed an inch of fat
surrounding her heart. Susan was
always breathless and unfit. She in
fact, overdosed on this deadly drug
called fast food.
In Politics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrD6J
vawslg&NR=1 (Obama)
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOrm
OvHysdU (McCain)
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How Does Persuasion Work?
The Process of being Persuaded
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REASONING: the process of
thinking about evidence (Facts,
reasons, statistics, examples)
presented by a persuader, and
deciding whether the evidence
is good enough to accept or
should be denied.
CONCLUSION: the end result
of reasoning.
 The evidence should make
sense, so that we reach the
conclusion that the
persuader wants.
Persuasive Appeals: How we are
hooked in
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Ethos: Using the credibility of
the speaker or writer to give
support to your position.
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Credibility: how trustworthy
the source of the information
is.
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Doctor Nancy Stone,
M.D. states that Vitamin
C is a necessary daily
supplement.
Persuasive Appeals, Continued
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Logos: Considering a
position based on
facts and truth. The
evidence presented
logically makes sense.
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Schools that start an
hour later in the
morning have higher
test scores because
students are more
rested and alert.
Persuasive appeals, continued.
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PATHOS: Statements or
images that evoke strong
feelings and emotions
instead of logic.
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BE ALERT FOR STATEMENTS,
IMAGES, or IDEAS THAT
MAKE YOU FEEL ANGRY,
SAD, OR EVEN VERY HAPPY!
Most PATHOS appeals are
FALLACIES! (We’ll get to this
later)
Proposition and Support
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Proposition and Support: Pointing out a
problem and then presenting evidence to
support that it is a problem, outlines a
solution to the problem, then addresses
counterarguments, then reinforces the
solution.
Example
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Childhood obesity has reached crisis proportions in the
United States. (problem)
California is one of the leading states with the problem of
childhood obesity. (evidence)
Solving the problem of childhood obesity will require a
change in attitude, eating habits, and exercise. (solution)
While many kids and their parent enjoy the convenience
of snack foods and fast food meals, (counterargument)
The benefits of making simple changes will improve
children’s lives and health. (reinforcing the solution).
Reasons that people Persuade
There are THREE
reasons people
persuade.
 The reasons are called
QUESTIONS.
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QUESTIONS OF FACT
This has to do with
whether something is
TRUE or FALSE,
REAL or NOT REAL.
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These topics have to
do with the
difference between a
proven FACT or an
OPINION.
Questions of Fact
center around what
people BELIEVE.
QUESTIONS OF VALUE
These topics have to
do with OPINIONS.
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Topics deal with how
GOOD vs. BAD,
FAIR vs. UNFAIR,
etc.
Questions of VALUE
center around what
people LIKE or
DISLIKE.
QUESTIONS OF POLICY
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Have to do with
BEHAVIOR.
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Whenever you want
someone to DO or
NOT DO something,
or you want to change
the rules, it is a
question of policy.
Most persuasion has to
do with POLICY.
PRACTICE:
Which question is it?
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Decide which question best fits the type of
question: Is it FACT, VALUE, or POLICY?
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READY! GO!
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1. My parents need to give me a bigger
allowance.
2. Violent television shows and video games
are a leading cause of violent behavior
among teenagers
3. M&M’s are better than Snickers.
4. Aliens from another galaxy visit Earth on a
regular basis.
5. Teenagers should volunteer their time in
the community.
ANSWERS
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1. My parents need to give me a bigger
allowance. POLICY
2. Violent television shows and video games
are a leading cause of violent behavior
among teenagers. FACT
3. M&M’s are better than Snickers. VALUE
4. Aliens from another galaxy visit Earth on a
regular basis. FACT
5. Teenagers should volunteer their time in
the community. POLICY
6. President Barak Obama is a good
influence for our country.
 7. People need to reduce their dependence
on fossil fuels in order to save the
environment.
 8. Students who eat breakfast are more
likely to have good grades in school than
students who do not eat breakfast.
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6. President Barak Obama is a good
influence for our country. Value
 7. People need to reduce their dependence
on fossil fuels in order to save the
environment. Policy
 8. Students who eat breakfast are more
likely to have good grades in school than
students who do not eat breakfast. Fact
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Agenda
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Good Things
Warm Up
Review “What’s Happening”
Cornell Notes, continued: Persuasion
Practicing Identifying PROPOSITION and SUPPORT
Practicing Identifying FALLACIES in persuasion.
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Video: Worksheet
Poster: Demonstrate a FALLACY in your own EXAMPLE
HOMEWORK: STUDY PERSUASION TERMS FOR A QUIZ
Finish FALLACY paper