Transcript Why did they do that? Takes on the PUNIC WARS by David E …

Why did they do that?
Takes on the
PUNIC WARS
by David E Woody
and edited by Miss Finneran
One of history's great moments surrounds the conflict between
Hannibal of Carthage, and the Roman Empire. Because of Hannibal's
aggressiveness and militaristic philosophy, as well as a promise made
to his father, these two great civilizations came into conflict in terrible
and destructive ways. Your mission in this simulation is to learn
about Hannibal and his Roman adversaries by making the same
choices they made, and observing the results. You may choose to be
either Hannibal or the Roman Generals, after which you will be given a
set of choices from key moments in the conflict. If you make a choice
other than that made by the historical characters, you will find a
description of what might have happened had they chosen that
option. Then you will be directed to another decision. If you choose
the same option they chose, you will be told about the result, and then
proceed. In the end, you should learn about Hannibal and
Carthaginian society, as well as gaining insights into Rome and Roman
values in these wars. Let's begin with some background. Good Luck!
I Choose to the Romans
Having chosen to represent the Romans, you will become several different
leaders during the course of this simulation. Consuls are being appointed by
the Senate each year, and many times the consul will come into the field
himself to lead his troops. Other times, he will appoint a General, based on
that man's reputation or expertise. This approach may yield uneven results,
but, for Rome, it prevents something the Carthaginian Senate is very afraid of
right now: the possibility that one General will gain so much fame and
popularity that he will become a threat to the political system of the
country.
Rome is not yet the great power that it will come to be during its
age of empire. She lacks a great navy, and has not yet been tested in
battle. Rome has potential trouble on all frontiers.
As our story opens, the
Roman Senate is faced with a difficult decision. Word has come to Rome that
Hannibal is in Iberia (Spain), and is causing concern among Roman allies
there. It will not be long before Hannibal begins some sort of conquest of
Roman lands. People in Rome are mad that the settlement to the First Punic
War, allowed Carthage to keep lands in Spain, which would give the
Carthaginians a land base from which to attack Rome's allies.
Unfortunately, the Gauls are also getting out of hand at this point. They
have been aggressive, and are in obvious need of a lesson in manners. They
threaten the Roman border, and have been known to cross the mountains,
sacking towns and destroying Roman outposts.
With the question before the Roman Senate: "Shall we send our forces to
Spain to confront Hannibal, or to Gaul to put the Gauls in their place?", how
do you vote?
Send troops to Spain
Send troops to Gaul
XXX-You have changed history! Had Rome sent its forces directly to Spain, it is unclear what the result might
have been. It is possible that the Gauls might have invaded Italy, and caused a great deal of trouble. It would not
be out of the realm of possibility that Rome would have collapsed, and western history changed significantly. If
Hannibal were not the official leader, he might have had less impact, and the Romans might have been
victorious. Scroll down to see what actually happened.
****Excellent choice! Having chosen to send your troops to Gaul, you have done exactly what the "real"
Romans chose to do. Logically, the threat from Gaul is much closer and more immediate, and must be
dealt with. Just as the real Romans did, however, you may have made a mistake. The time, money,
and men it will cost you to subdue the Gauls is critical to the development of Hannibal and his
plans. While you delay, Hasdrubal, the official leader of the Carthaginian forces, is murdered, and
Hannibal is chosen leader by acclamation. His popularity and power rise to new heights, and his men
will now willingly follow him into any situation, regardless of their potential gain. Since Hannibal truly
detests Rome, he will no doubt cause you great trouble now.
You are now in Spain, with an immense force. Hannibal is in the vicinity, and spies report that he has only
one-fifth the number of troops you do . He is withdrawing toward the Tagus River, and you are in hot
pursuit. This would be an excellent chance to eliminate Hannibal, if you choose your strategy wisely. You
cannot be sure when you might have another opportunity to catch Hannibal alone with such a small
force. What did the Romans do?
Pursue Hannibal
Look for better battleground
****Excellent choice! ****Excellent choice! Having chosen to send your troops to Gaul, you
have done exactly what the "real" Romans chose to do. Logically, the threat from Gaul is
much closer and more immediate, and must be dealt with. Just as the real Romans did,
however, you may have made a mistake. The time, money, and men it will cost you to
subdue the Gauls is critical to the development of Hannibal and his plans. While you
delay, Hasdrubal, the official leader of the Carthaginian forces, is murdered, and Hannibal
is chosen leader by acclamation. His popularity and power rise to new heights, and his
men will now willingly follow him into any situation, regardless of their potential gain. Since
Hannibal truly detests Rome, he will no doubt cause you great trouble now.
You are now in Spain, with an immense force. Hannibal is in the
vicinity, and spies report that he has only one-fifth the number of
troops you do . He is withdrawing toward the Tagus River, and
you are in hot pursuit. This would be an excellent chance to
eliminate Hannibal, if you choose your strategy wisely. You
cannot be sure when you might have another opportunity to catch
Hannibal alone with such a small force. What did the Romans do?
Pursue Hannibal
Look for better battleground
****Correct Choice! Imagining the opportunity to hit Hannibal hard in the early
stages of this war, the Romans pursued him with all the speed they had. Catching
up with him at the Tagus River, the Romans willingly chased Hannibal into the
water. Unfortunately for them it was a bad decision. Hannibal had concealed his
cavalry on the opposite shore, and, when the Romans were up to their armpits in
water, that cavalry rushed in and cut them to shreds. Despite their superior
numbers, the Romans had chosen very poor ground for this encounter, and they
paid dearly.
Hannibal soon became a major pain to the Romans. It was obvious that he would not be
content to leave the boundaries as they had been set following the First Punic War.
An immediate concern was the safety of the city of Saguntum, the southernmost boundary of
Roman possessions in Spain. If Hannibal chose to attack it, there would definitely be war.
The Romans also knew that Hannibal had what we will call the Fortification Problem. It takes a
great deal of time, effort, resources, and men to reduce a city, and it would take Hannibal at least
9 months to reduce Saguntum and capture it. This might work contrary to his overwhelming
desire to assault Rome itself.
The Roman Senate decided that they had two options. One was to send a large force
immediately to Saguntum, which might provoke Hannibal into a full-scale assault that would begin
the Second War. The other option was to send diplomats to negotiate with Hannibal, in hopes of
keeping conflict from occurring. Which choice do you think they made?
Send in a large force
Send Diplomats
XXX - You have changed History! Maybe you made a better choice, since the Romans are about to
be slaughtered here. Had they waited, they might have found a place more favorable to their
success, because Hannibal is exceptional at using geographic locations to his own advantage. At
this point, however, they are not yet aware of his amazing generalship, nor sufficiently respectful of
his ability as a tactician. Scroll down to see what actually happened.
****Correct Choice! Imagining the opportunity to hit Hannibal hard in the early stages of this war, the
Romans pursued him with all the speed they had. Catching up with him at the Tagus River, the Romans
willingly chased Hannibal into the water. Unfortunately for them it was a bad decision. Hannibal had
concealed his cavalry on the opposite shore, and, when the Romans were up to their armpits in water,
that cavalry rushed in and cut them to shreds. Despite their superior numbers, the Romans had chosen
very poor ground for this encounter, and they paid dearly.
Hannibal soon became a major pain to the Romans. It was obvious that he would not be
content to leave the boundaries as they had been set following the First Punic War.
An immediate concern was the safety of the city of Saguntum, the southernmost boundary of
Roman possessions in Spain. If Hannibal chose to attack it, there would definitely be war.
The Romans also knew that Hannibal had what we will call the Fortification Problem. It takes a
great deal of time, effort, resources, and men to reduce a city, and it would take Hannibal at least
9 months to reduce Saguntum and capture it. This might work contrary to his overwhelming
desire to assault Rome itself.
The Roman Senate decided that they had two options. One was to send a large force
immediately to Saguntum, which might provoke Hannibal into a full-scale assault that would begin
the Second War. The other option was to send diplomats to negotiate with Hannibal, in hopes of
keeping conflict from occurring. Which choice do you think they made?
Send in a large force
Send in Diplomats
XXX You have changed History! Had the Romans immediately sent a large force, it is possible that Hannibal
would have been contained. He would, no doubt, have continued to cause problems, but he would always have
had a strong city behind him, and this could cause him to become surrounded. Rome, however, did not yet see
itself as a world power of such strength that it could afford another major conflict, and so decided to try
diplomatic solutions first. Scroll down...
**** The diplomats arrive in Saguntum shortly after Hannibal had laid siege to the city. He refused to see them,
claiming that he was busy, and that he feared for their safety. The ambassadors decided to proceed to Carthage,
in an attempt to convince the Carthaginian Senate to call Hannibal home. This foray was also met with a lack of
interest. This allowed Hannibal to continue.
Hannibal destroyed Saguntum, and proceeded north to invade Italy by land. Because of the Port Problem, he felt
that it would be impossible to invade Rome by sea because Italy had few good harbors, so a land route was his
best option. He crossed over the Pyrenees Mountains into Gaul, and headed for the Alps.
The Romans, meanwhile, had some problems of their own. One of these I call the Leadership
Factor. Whereas Hannibal will be the leader of Carthaginian forces for the entirety of this conflict, the Romans
would have many different leaders, of varying ability levels.
Another Roman problem, was the Specificity of Orders Problem. Roman consuls, as Generals, were under
very specific orders from the Senate. This prevented Roman armies from clashing. Thus the consuls often took
their armies in separate directions, to pursue different goals which limited their courses of action.
The consuls are Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius. Sempronius was sent with an army to Sicily, in case
Carthage should attempt to retake the island. Scipio was ordered to take his troops on ships, and sail to Spain to
protect Roman possessions there. Along the way, he stopped at the Rhone River for rest and supplies. A cavalry
detachment he sent to scout the countryside came into conflict with a detachment of Hannibal's cavalry. The
Romans reported a complete victory. It was also noted that Hannibal was currently engaged in battle with hostile
Gauls. The time would seem to be ripe to catch him unawares, and unable to fight two groups.
Scipio was faced with his first major decision. Should he follow orders, and proceed to Spain, in which case
Hannibal would continue his advance? Should he chase Hannibal, who was in unfamiliar territory? If his troops
went on to Spain, Hannibal would have no opposition in getting to Italy, except for the Alps and the unreliable
Gauls. What should he do?
Pursue Hannibal in Gaul
Send troops on to Spain
The diplomats arrive in Saguntum shortly after Hannibal had
laid siege to the city. He refused to see them, claiming that he was
busy, and that he feared for their safety. The ambassadors decided
to proceed to Carthage, in an attempt to convince the Carthaginian
Senate to call Hannibal home. This foray was also met with a lack
of interest. This allowed Hannibal to continue.
****
Hannibal destroyed Saguntum, and proceeded north to invade Italy by land. Because of the Port Problem,
he felt that it would be impossible to invade Rome by sea because Italy had few good harbors, so a land
route was his best option. He crossed over the Pyrenees Mountains into Gaul, and headed for the Alps.
The Romans, meanwhile, had some problems of their own. One of these I call the Leadership
Factor. Whereas Hannibal will be the leader of Carthaginian forces for the entirety of this conflict, the
Romans would have many different leaders, of varying ability levels.
Another Roman problem, was the Specificity of Orders Problem. Roman consuls, as Generals, were
under very specific orders from the Senate. This prevented Roman armies from clashing. Thus the consuls
often took their armies in separate directions, to pursue different goals which limited their courses of action.
The consuls are Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius. Sempronius was sent with an army to Sicily, in case
Carthage should attempt to retake the island. Scipio was ordered to take his troops on ships, and sail to
Spain to protect Roman possessions there. Along the way, he stopped at the Rhone River for rest and
supplies. A cavalry detachment he sent to scout the countryside came into conflict with a detachment of
Hannibal's cavalry. The Romans reported a complete victory. It was also noted that Hannibal was currently
engaged in battle with hostile Gauls. The time would seem to be ripe to catch him unawares, and unable to
fight two groups.
Scipio was faced with his first major decision. Should he follow orders, and proceed to Spain, in which
case Hannibal would continue his advance? Should he chase Hannibal, who was in unfamiliar territory? If
his troops went on to Spain, Hannibal would have no opposition in getting to Italy, except for the Alps and the
unreliable Gauls. What should he do?
Pursue Hannibal in Gaul
Send troops on to Spain
XXX You have changed History! (You really need to pay closer attention.) Because of the
Specificity of Orders Problem, Scipio has no real choice but to send his troops on to Spain,
because that is what the Senate ordered him to do. He did, however, return to Rome himself, to
raise another army, and await Hannibal's passage over the Alps. Scroll down...
**** That's right, you must follow orders to send troops to Spain. Scipio saw his only solution was
to give control of his army to his generals, and return to Rome to prepare a new army for the
defense of Italy. There was some question about whether Hannibal could successfully cross the
Alps, but it was certain that, once across, he could not possibly return by that route. This would
put Scipio in position to make another important decision.
Hannibal crossed the Alps, although it cost him many of his war elephants, one of his greatest
weapons. The steep descent into the Po River valley made it obvious that there would be no
retreat by that path. Hannibal's only course now was to head into Italy itself.
Moving north from Rome, Scipio convinced his men that they had Hannibal trapped between
themselves and the Alps. He stirred their patriotism by reminding them that, if they failed, Rome
would be lost.
At the Ticinus branch of the Po, Scipio found himself only 5 miles from Hannibal's camp. Scipio
was faced with a choice: build a bridge across the river, or wait on Hannibal to cross it. With a
bridge, Scipio could fight Hannibal earlier and away from any important Italian cities. To wait might
mean that Hannibal would move farther north, or even away from conflict altogether. Waiting might
also cause Hannibal to become impatient, and perhaps make some mistakes, and Scipio would be
fighting on his own territory. What do you think he did?
Build a Bridge
Wait on Hannibal
That's right, you must follow orders. Scipio saw his
only solution was to give control of his army to his generals, and
return to Rome to prepare a new army for the defense of
Italy. There was some question about whether Hannibal could
successfully cross the Alps, but it was certain that, once across, he
could not possibly return by that route. This would put Scipio in
position to make another important decision.
***Good Choice:
Hannibal crossed the Alps, although it cost him many of his war elephants, one of his
greatest weapons. The steep descent into the Po River valley made it obvious that
there would be no retreat by that path. Hannibal's only course now was to head into
Italy itself.
Moving north from Rome, Scipio convinced his men that they had Hannibal trapped
between themselves and the Alps. He stirred their patriotism by reminding them that, if
they failed, Rome would be lost.
At the Ticinus branch of the Po, Scipio found himself only 5 miles from Hannibal's
camp. Scipio was faced with a choice: build a bridge across the river, or wait on
Hannibal to cross it. With a bridge, Scipio could fight Hannibal earlier and away from
any important Italian cities. To wait might mean that Hannibal would move farther north,
or even away from conflict altogether. Waiting might also cause Hannibal to become
impatient, and perhaps make some mistakes, and Scipio would be fighting on his own
territory. What do you think he did?
Build a Bridge
Wait on Hannibal
**** One of the factors playing into Scipio's decision may have been the Food Factor. He knew that an army
away from home, like Hannibal's, would need to move frequently in order to find food. A group of 50,000 men
requires tremendous resources, much more than they can transport.
Upon completing his bridge, Scipio crossed over with his troops, and, ironically, came into contact with Hannibal
when neither General was entirely expecting it. Hannibal, seizing the moment, literally threw his troops into the
Roman line, causing great concern at his aggressiveness. Meanwhile, he sent a detachment around to the rear of
the Roman force, which caused panic among the Romans, disintegrating their order.
Soon the battle was over, and Scipio was wounded in the process, so the Romans withdrew from the field in
great disarray. They destroyed their bridge behind them, which kept Hannibal from pursuing them further. Still,
their defeat was complete. Scipio had his army travel even at night in order to put a safe distance between
themselves and Hannibal.
Word was quickly sent to Rome that Scipio had been wounded, and the Senate recalled Sempronius from Sicily,
ordering him to help Scipio. Having learned a painful lesson, Scipio advised that the combined Roman army find
a defensive position, from which they could prevent Hannibal from advancing further. Sempronius, however, was
anxious to prove his greatness as a General, and wished for immediate conflict.
Sempronius wondered why he should fear Hannibal. He had personally not seen any reason to fear Hannibal,
and wanted to pursue action at any moment. He knows that Hannibal is subject to the Replacement Factor, and
he is not. Rome can draft new soldiers at any time, but Hannibal can only add to his army by capturing native,
paying mercenaries, or waiting for help from Carthage.
By now, it was late in the year, and the war "season" would soon be over. It was already an unusually cold and
wet December, and both armies were miserable living out in the open. The two forces found themselves on
opposite sides of the same branch of the Po.
On a dark and stormy night, Sempronius found that his camp was under attack by a Carthaginian
detachment. He quickly rallied his men, and began to fight back. The Romans had great success in this
encounter, and Sempronius was greatly excited. He now had an important decision to make: should he pursue
Hannibal's troops while he had them on the run, or wait until a better day with better weather? What would you
do?
Pursue Hannibal's Force
Wait for a better opportunity
XXX- You have changed History! It is entirely possible that, if Scipio had waited for Hannibal to cross the Ticinus,
Hannibal may have moved north, gone around the Roman forces, and then down the east coast of Italy. That move
by Hannibal might have been disastrous for the Romans. It is true that you must keep your army occupied, and the
Romans were not yet fully aware of Hannibal's tactical genius, so earlier conflict seemed better. (Oh, how things
seem.) Scroll down...
**** One of the factors playing into Scipio's decision may have been the Food Factor. He knew that an army away from
home, like Hannibal's, would need to move frequently in order to find food. A group of 50,000 men requires tremendous
resources, much more than they can transport.
Upon completing his bridge, Scipio crossed over with his troops, and, ironically, came into contact with Hannibal when
neither General was entirely expecting it. Hannibal, seizing the moment, literally threw his troops into the Roman line,
causing great concern at his aggressiveness. Meanwhile, he sent a detachment around to the rear of the Roman force,
which caused panic among the Romans, disintegrating their order.
Soon the battle was over, and Scipio was wounded in the process, so the Romans withdrew from the field in great
disarray. They destroyed their bridge behind them, which kept Hannibal from pursuing them further. Still, their defeat was
complete. Scipio had his army travel even at night in order to put a safe distance between themselves and Hannibal.
Word was quickly sent to Rome that Scipio had been wounded, and the Senate recalled Sempronius from Sicily, ordering
him to help Scipio. Having learned a painful lesson, Scipio advised that the combined Roman army find a defensive
position, from which they could prevent Hannibal from advancing further. Sempronius, however, was anxious to prove his
greatness as a General, and wished for immediate conflict.
Sempronius wondered why he should fear Hannibal. He had personally not seen any reason to fear Hannibal, and
wanted to pursue action at any moment. He knows that Hannibal is subject to the Replacement Factor, and he is
not. Rome can draft new soldiers at any time, but Hannibal can only add to his army by capturing native, paying
mercenaries, or waiting for help from Carthage.
By now, it was late in the year, and the war "season" would soon be over. It was already an unusually cold and wet
December, and both armies were miserable living out in the open. The two forces found themselves on opposite sides of
the same branch of the Po.
On a dark and stormy night, Sempronius found that his camp was under attack by a Carthaginian detachment. He
quickly rallied his men, and began to fight back. The Romans had great success in this encounter, and Sempronius was
greatly excited. He now had an important decision to make: should he pursue Hannibal's troops while he had them on
the run, or wait until a better day with better weather? What would you do?
Pursue Hannibal's Force
Wait for a better opportunity
**** Sempronius was so excited by his success that he roused his entire army,
and attacked Hannibal's forces, which were retreating rapidly now. Onward
he charged, confident of success and glory. He drove the Carthaginians back
across the river, he felt the entire war might come to an end soon.
One lesson we should learn about Hannibal is that he seldom takes any
action without considering all the possibilities. The entire scenario had been
planned by Hannibal in advance. He knew from spies that Sempronius was
overanxious, and required only a little success to cause him to stumble
forward blindly. Hannibal had sent only a small force to attack Sempronius'
camp, concealing his cavalry and major forces in the high grasses across the
river. When the Romans pursued the Carthaginians across the river, they
emerged cold and soaking wet. Now, surrounded by well-fed and rested
troops, the Romans could not fight effectively. Hannibal's men were
decisively victorious, and many Romans drowned in the river attempting to
escape.
Following this great disaster, the Roman consuls were forced into an
immediate decision. They must choose whether to remain in position in an
attempt to restrict Hannibal's movements, or to retreat to Rome for rest
during winter and time to reinforce their army. Winter was now full upon
them, making supplies and food even harder for Hannibal to acquire. Going
home, though would give Hannibal free run of the countryside. What would
you do?
Stay and resist Hannibal
Return home for winter
XXX You have changed History! The Romans had all the advantages by waiting
Hannibal out. He had limited resources and allies, where the Romans could
draft reinforcements and pull in supplies any time they wished. Time was on
the Roman side, but Sempronius' desire to prove himself a worthy General
gave that advantage away. If he had waited, the Romans would have done
better, but that's not the historical action. Scroll down.
**** Sempronius was so excited by his success that he roused his entire army, and
attacked Hannibal's forces, which were retreating rapidly now. Onward he charged,
confident of success and glory. He drove the Carthaginians back across the river, he felt
the entire war might come to an end soon.
One lesson we should learn about Hannibal is that he seldom takes any action without
considering all the possibilities. The entire scenario had been planned by Hannibal in
advance. He knew from spies that Sempronius was overanxious, and required only a
little success to cause him to stumble forward blindly. Hannibal had sent only a small
force to attack Sempronius' camp, concealing his cavalry and major forces in the high
grasses across the river. When the Romans pursued the Carthaginians across the river,
they emerged cold and soaking wet. Now, surrounded by well-fed and rested troops, the
Romans could not fight effectively. Hannibal's men were decisively victorious, and many
Romans drowned in the river attempting to escape.
Following this great disaster, the Roman consuls were forced into an immediate
decision. They must choose whether to remain in position in an attempt to restrict
Hannibal's movements, or to retreat to Rome for rest during winter and time to
reinforce their army. Winter was now full upon them, making supplies and food even
harder for Hannibal to acquire. Going home, though would give Hannibal free run of
the countryside. What would you do?
Stay and resist Hannibal
Return home for winter
XXX – You’ve Changed History! This time, with likely disastrous results. If the Romans
had chosen to stay and fight, it is likely that Hannibal would have destroyed their entire
army, and have nothing left to prevent him from attacking Rome. The only wise thing to
do was to retreat and hope for better days. Scroll down...
*** This was really the Romans' only option, since their defeat at this point would give
Hannibal unrestricted access to Rome. By returning home, the Roman army spent the
winter in their own houses, while Hannibal had to remain in camps and look for
food. Every hardship Hannibal endured toughened his men, but also reduced his
force. By spring, this might give the Romans some advantages.
The Romans now had new consuls to lead their troops in the spring of 216 BC. The
consul chosen to find and attack Hannibal was a man named Flaminius. This man
believed that Hannibal had been overrated as a General.
Flaminius was aware that Hannibal had spent a rough winter. Hannibal had tried to
cross the Apennine Mountains to get to the warmer eastern coast of Italy for the
winter, and failed to do so. This failure had cost him men and supplies, weakening his
forces.
Spies now reported to Flaminius that Hannibal was struggling to cross the swamps
around the Arno River. Flaminius, excited by the prospect of catching a weakened
Hannibal in an unfavorable location, pushed his troops north, looking for battle.
At Lake Thrasymene, Flaminius caught his first glimpse of Hannibal's army. Lake
Thrasymene is long and narrow, surrounded by mountains. Through the narrow pass
at one point in the Lake, Flaminius could see the encampment of the Carthaginians at
the far end. He could hardly contain his excitement at the prospect of battle.
He was now faced with an important choice. He might set up a defensive line and
wait for Hannibal to come to him. He might lead his men in a brave attack upon the
Carthaginian encampment. Making the correct choice could be decisive in ending the
war. What do you think he did?
Attack Hannibal's Camp
Wait defensively for Hannibal to come
This was really the Romans' only option, since their defeat at this
point would give Hannibal unrestricted access to Rome. By returning
home, the Roman army spent the winter in their own houses, while
Hannibal had to remain in camps and look for food. Every hardship
Hannibal endured toughened his men, but also reduced his force. By
spring, this might give the Romans some advantages.
***
The Romans now had new consuls to lead their troops in the spring of 216 BC. The
consul chosen to find and attack Hannibal was a man named Flaminius. This man
believed that Hannibal had been overrated as a General.
Flaminius was aware that Hannibal had spent a rough winter. Hannibal had tried to
cross the Apennine Mountains to get to the warmer eastern coast of Italy for the
winter, and failed to do so. This failure had cost him men and supplies, weakening his
forces.
Spies now reported to Flaminius that Hannibal was struggling to cross the swamps
around the Arno River. Flaminius, excited by the prospect of catching a weakened
Hannibal in an unfavorable location, pushed his troops north, looking for battle.
At Lake Thrasymene, Flaminius caught his first glimpse of Hannibal's army. Lake
Thrasymene is long and narrow, surrounded by mountains. Through the narrow pass
at one point in the Lake, Flaminius could see the encampment of the Carthaginians at
the far end. He could hardly contain his excitement at the prospect of battle.
He was now faced with an important choice. He might set up a defensive line and
wait for Hannibal to come to him. He might lead his men in a brave attack upon the
Carthaginian encampment. Making the correct choice could be decisive in ending the
war. What do you think he did?
Attack Hannibal's Camp
Wait defensively for Hannibal to come
****Attack is the only choice for someone as aggressive, self-confident, and
vain as Flaminius. It also is the completely wrong choice for him to make in
this circumstance. Hannibal placed men on the mountainside above the Lake,
allowing him to drop in behind Flaminius' troops, leaving them no room for
escape. (This is why we never take an army through a narrow pass.) The
Roman forces were slaughtered, including Flaminius. The destruction was
total, and the people of Rome began to despair.
In times of greatest crisis, the Romans created a special, all-powerful office, called
dictator. This was a very difficult step for the Roman Senate to make, because it meant
that one man would have complete social and military power, but they made an excellent
choice in Fabius Maximus.
Fabius decided to use a new strategy against Hannibal, a strategy still known as
"Fabian Tactics". Fully aware of Hannibal's restriction by the Food Factor, as well as his
Replacement Factor, denying him the ability to reinforce his troops, Fabius wanted to
stretch Hannibal's food and soldier supply as thin as possible so he told the citizens to
take all the food with them and burn the rest as they were moving to other cities.
Eventually, Fabius' strategy paid off. Knowing the countryside was to his
advantage, and, by clever maneuvering, he eventually moved Hannibal's army into a box
canyon among the mountains. By placing a line of troops all around the rim of the
canyon, he prevented Hannibal from being able to escape up the mountains. The main
body of the Roman force was kept at the entrance to the canyon, acting as the cork in a
bottle.
Hannibal, of course, cannot be expected to take all this without a fight. It is certain
that he will do something here, the only question is what. If you were Fabius, you'd
expect some sort of action from Hannibal, and it will help you win if you can predict his
action correctly. Hannibal seems to be faced with only two options: attack up the hill, or
attack through the pass. So, what do you think he will do?
Attack the army on the hilltops
Attack the army in the pass
XXX- You have changed History! You have made a superior tactical decision, but your
understanding of human nature may need fine-tuning. Pushing an army through a
narrow pass is just asking for trouble. Scroll down...
****Attack is the only choice for someone as aggressive, self-confident, and vain as
Flaminius. It also is the completely wrong choice for him to make in this
circumstance. Hannibal placed men on the mountainside above the Lake, allowing him to
drop in behind Flaminius' troops, leaving them no room for escape. (This is why we
never take an army through a narrow pass.) The Roman forces were slaughtered,
including Flaminius. The destruction was total, and the people of Rome began to
despair.
In times of greatest crisis, the Romans created a special, all-powerful office, called dictator.
This was a very difficult step for the Roman Senate to make, because it meant that one man
would have complete social and military power, but they made an excellent choice in Fabius
Maximus.
Fabius decided to use a new strategy against Hannibal, a strategy still known as "Fabian
Tactics". Fully aware of Hannibal's restriction by the Food Factor, as well as his Replacement
Factor, denying him the ability to reinforce his troops, Fabius wanted to stretch Hannibal's food
and soldier supply as thin as possible so he told the citizens to take all the food with them and
burn the rest as they were moving to other cities.
Eventually, Fabius' strategy paid off. Knowing the countryside was to his advantage, and,
by clever maneuvering, he eventually moved Hannibal's army into a box canyon among the
mountains. By placing a line of troops all around the rim of the canyon, he prevented Hannibal
from being able to escape up the mountains. The main body of the Roman force was kept at the
entrance to the canyon, acting as the cork in a bottle.
Hannibal, of course, cannot be expected to take all this without a fight. It is certain that
he will do something here, the only question is what. If you were Fabius, you'd expect some
sort of action from Hannibal, and it will help you win if you can predict his action
correctly. Hannibal seems to be faced with only two options: attack up the hill, or attack
through the pass. So, what do you think he will do?
Attack the army in the hilltops
Attack the army in the pass
XXX - You have changed History! You would have fallen for the same trick the Romans
did. Scroll down...
*** The Romans never really knew what to expect of Hannibal, and he took advantage of that
now. It seemed like suicide to try to break through the narrow opening to the canyon, but
that's exactly what he did... after appearing to do the opposite.
He tied torches to the horns of the oxen that were still part of his possessions. In the middle
of the night, he lit the torches, and drove the oxen up the hill. The Romans spotted the lights
and assumed, incorrectly, that Hannibal was making his way out of the canyon. There was no
way the thin line of troops at the top could withstand all of Hannibal's force, so troops were
immediately rushed from the pass to the hilltop to defend it. The situation became very
bizarre, when the torches burned so low that they singed the oxes' horns, causing them to dash
about wildly. The torches caught small trees and shrubs on fire, and the Romans found
themselves fighting forest fires, along with the "enemy". Hannibal, meanwhile, sneaked his
troops out through the pass, and completed his escape. A daring, desperate move had
succeeded.
This failure did not deter Fabius from his strategy, but it did make him even more unpopular in
Rome. The Roman military commander of the cavalry was known as the "Master of the
Horse". Fabius' man in that capacity was named Minucius, who now began to lobby for a more
aggressive strategy. Minucius was another active, arrogant man, who believed that he could defeat
Hannibal if given the chance. He began to convince Roman politicians that Hannibal could be beaten,
if attacked head-on.
Fabius was eventually recalled to Rome to explain his strategy. While he was gone, they
granted Minucius equal powers with Fabius, and decreed that he would be treated as an equal
dictator.
Fabius was, of course, terribly upset over this turn of events, but resolved to make the best of a
bad situation. Upon returning to camp, he sat down to determine the best way for him and Minucius
to divide control. They could each rule the army on alternating days, or they could split the army in
two, equally. Minucius vowed to accept Fabius' choice in the matter as final. Fabius, even though his
feelings had been hurt and his reputation damaged, wished to do what would be best for the safety
of Rome. Which option do you think he chose?
Divide the army in two
Alternate Days of control
*** The Romans never really knew what to expect of Hannibal, and he took advantage
of that now. It seemed like suicide to try to break through the narrow opening to the
canyon, but that's exactly what he did... after appearing to do the opposite.
He tied torches to the horns of the oxen that were still part of his possessions. In the
middle of the night, he lit the torches, and drove the oxen up the hill. The Romans
spotted the lights and assumed, incorrectly, that Hannibal was making his way out of the
canyon. There was no way the thin line of troops at the top could withstand all of
Hannibal's force, so troops were immediately rushed from the pass to the hilltop to
defend it. The situation became very bizarre, when the torches burned so low that they
singed the oxes' horns, causing them to dash about wildly. The torches caught small
trees and shrubs on fire, and the Romans found themselves fighting forest fires, along
with the "enemy". Hannibal, meanwhile, sneaked his troops out through the pass, and
completed his escape. A daring, desperate move had succeeded.
This failure did not deter Fabius from his strategy, but it did make him even more
unpopular in Rome. The Roman military commander of the cavalry was known as the
"Master of the Horse". Fabius' man in that capacity was named Minucius, who now
began to lobby for a more aggressive strategy. Minucius was another active, arrogant
man, who believed that he could defeat Hannibal if given the chance. He began to
convince Roman politicians that Hannibal could be beaten, if attacked head-on.
Fabius was eventually recalled to Rome to explain his strategy. While he was
gone, they granted Minucius equal powers with Fabius, and decreed that he would be
treated as an equal dictator.
Fabius was, of course, terribly upset over this turn of events, but resolved to make
the best of a bad situation. Upon returning to camp, he sat down to determine the
best way for him and Minucius to divide control. They could each rule the army on
alternating days, or they could split the army in two, equally. Minucius vowed to
accept Fabius' choice in the matter as final. Fabius, even though his feelings had been
hurt and his reputation damaged, wished to do what would be best for the safety of
Rome. Which option do you think he chose?
Divide the army in two
Alternate Days of control
**** Fabius decided to split the army, figuring that he could at least save half of the
troops, no matter what Minucius did. As it turned out, this was a wise decision.
Shortly after the division of the army, Minucius found a detachment of Carthaginian
troops upon a small hill. He attacked this detachment, having great success in the early
going. He drove them off the top of the hill and down the other side, only to find himself
assaulted on 3 sides, and forced to retreat uphill over uneven ground. Hannibal had
created another trap, and Minucius had fallen into it by being overly aggressive.
It was at this point that Fabius' decision became so important. With the other half of
the army, he raced to Minucius' rescue, turning the tide of battle, and allowing Minucius
to escape. A major disaster was narrowly avoided, but the Romans still had tough
choices to make.
Fabius' dictatorship had expired, and he returned home, retiring with class. One of
the new consuls, Paulus Aemilius, listened carefully to Fabius' advice.
The other consul at this time was Varro. It often seems that the Romans were
excellent at choosing two completely different personalities as consul, so that the
strengths of one balanced the weaknesses of the other.
Varro and Aemilius had decided to alternate power daily, so there was continual
confusion about what strategy was being pursued. Varro, on his day, defeated one of
Hannibal's scouting party, and became quite inflamed with the idea of Hannibal's
destruction. Roman scouts came across Hannibal's camp, and found it
deserted. Varro was certain that this was the time to chase Hannibal down and finish
him, but an officer named Statilius convinced him that it was a trap. The Romans
avoided this trap.
A few days later, Hannibal really did abandon his camp, and was able to slip away
from the Romans, heading south. Varro was certain that this was his great
opportunity. Near the city of Cannae, the two armies once again came into
contact. It was an interesting dance, with Varro preparing for war on his days, and
Aemilius maneuvering the troops away on his days. Sooner or later, there would have
to be a final decision. What would you think best to do?
Go with Varro to attack Hannibal
Retreat with Aemilius for Defense
XXX- You’ve Changed History! This is what Minucius wanted to do, so that he could eventually bring the
entire army into conflict against Hannibal. Fabius still thought this was a mistake that would lead to
disaster. Had they done this, it is very likely that, on his day of command, Minucius would have created
a fight that would have destroyed the entire Roman army. Instead, Fabius chose the more careful
option. Scroll down...
*** Fabius decided to split the army, figuring that he could at least save half of the troops, no
matter what Minucius did. As it turned out, this was a wise decision.
Shortly after the division of the army, Minucius found a detachment of Carthaginian troops upon
a small hill. He attacked this detachment, having great success in the early going. He drove them
off the top of the hill and down the other side, only to find himself assaulted on 3 sides, and forced
to retreat uphill over uneven ground. Hannibal had created another trap, and Minucius had fallen
into it by being overly aggressive.
It was at this point that Fabius' decision became so important. With the other half of the army,
he raced to Minucius' rescue, turning the tide of battle, and allowing Minucius to escape. A major
disaster was narrowly avoided, but the Romans still had tough choices to make.
Fabius' dictatorship had expired, and he returned home, retiring with class. One of the new
consuls, Paulus Aemilius, listened carefully to Fabius' advice.
The other consul at this time was Varro. It often seems that the Romans were excellent at
choosing two completely different personalities as consul, so that the strengths of one balanced the
weaknesses of the other.
Varro and Aemilius had decided to alternate power daily, so there was continual confusion about
what strategy was being pursued. Varro, on his day, defeated one of Hannibal's scouting party, and
became quite inflamed with the idea of Hannibal's destruction. Roman scouts came across
Hannibal's camp, and found it deserted. Varro was certain that this was the time to chase Hannibal
down and finish him, but an officer named Statilius convinced him that it was a trap. The Romans
avoided this trap.
A few days later, Hannibal really did abandon his camp, and was able to slip away from the
Romans, heading south. Varro was certain that this was his great opportunity. Near the city of
Cannae, the two armies once again came into contact. It was an interesting dance, with Varro
preparing for war on his days, and Aemilius maneuvering the troops away on his days. Sooner or
later, there would have to be a final decision. What would you think best to do?
Go with Varro to attack Hannibal
Retreat with Aemilius for Defense
****This is the historically accurate choice, but not a good move. Varro is no match as a
General against Hannibal, and he proves it here. The Battle at Cannae is likely the most
vicious and terrible battle of all the Punic Wars. At the beginning, a large number of
Hannibal's mercenaries "surrendered" to the Romans, throwing their weapons to the
ground, and declaring that they had had enough. The intensity of the battle was such that
the Romans could not spare many men to watch these "prisoners". At an arranged time,
the deserters produced daggers from under their uniforms, attacking the Romans from
behind. The Roman force was decimated.
Aemilius himself was killed here. Rome itself now lay open to Hannibal's attack,
whenever he should choose to do so.
The Roman command was in disarray. Citizens of Rome were certain that they were doomed to be conquered
by Hannibal. Winter was again coming on, and Hannibal did not wish to commence a siege at this point.
He removed his troops to Capua, and determined to make this city the new capitol of Italy. He was close
enough to Rome to cause concern, but far enough away to be safe from any Roman attack. He sent word to
Carthage that he needed money and reinforcements to finish his conquest.
Eight years passed while Hannibal awaited help. Because of the Port Problem, his assistance would have to
come by land. Eventually, Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal was on his way over the Alps with a new army.
By now, of course, the Romans had an entirely new set of consuls. Livius was given an army to take north,
where he was ordered to meet up with, and destroy, Hasdrubal. Nero was in charge of the southern armies, and
was responsible for containing Hannibal. Hasdrubal sent a message to Hannibal that he had crossed the Alps,
and would soon join with his brother to rid the world of the accursed Romans. Unfortunately for him, he had been
very specific in his plans, which were intercepted by Roman agents. These plans were brought to Nero, who was
faced with the most important choice of his life.
Nero was fairly certain that Livius could not defeat Hasdrubal with the forces he had available. Knowing
Hasdrubal's plans meant that Nero could be of great help to Livius if he took part of his army to the north. This, of
course, would be in direct violation of the Senate, and could cause him to be branded a traitor. Worse yet, there
was no time to send to Rome for Senate approval. If Nero chose to go north, it would leave his army almost
defenseless against Hannibal. If Hannibal defeated the southern army, it would leave Rome defenseless against
Hannibal's attack. What a dilemma! What should Nero do?
Stay put and defend Rome
Go north and help Livius
XXX You have changed History! This would have been the wiser choice, as the Romans should have learned by
now. You have to be concerned for the intelligence of a people who keep getting the same lesson over and over,
but don't learn it. No Roman General is equal to Hannibal in a head-on encounter. The only possible effective
strategy against him at home is to use the "Fabian Tactics" of maneuvering around him, denying him supplies and
rest, and wear him down. Varro could not understand this, any more than Sempronius, Flaminius, or Minucius
before him. "Ah, what fools these mortals be." Scroll down...
****This is the historically accurate choice, but not a good move. Varro is no match as a General against Hannibal, and
he proves it here. The Battle at Cannae is likely the most vicious and terrible battle of all the Punic Wars. At the
beginning, a large number of Hannibal's mercenaries "surrendered" to the Romans, throwing their weapons to the
ground, and declaring that they had had enough. The intensity of the battle was such that the Romans could not spare
many men to watch these "prisoners". At an arranged time, the deserters produced daggers from under their uniforms,
attacking the Romans from behind. The Roman force was decimated.
Aemilius himself was killed here. Rome itself now lay open to Hannibal's attack, whenever he should choose to do
so.
The Roman command was in disarray. Citizens of Rome were certain that they were doomed to be conquered by Hannibal. Winter
was again coming on, and Hannibal did not wish to commence a siege at this point.
He removed his troops to Capua, and determined to make this city the new capitol of Italy. He was close enough to Rome to
cause concern, but far enough away to be safe from any Roman attack. He sent word to Carthage that he needed money and
reinforcements to finish his conquest.
Eight years passed while Hannibal awaited help. Because of the Port Problem, his assistance would have to come by
land. Eventually, Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal was on his way over the Alps with a new army.
By now, of course, the Romans had an entirely new set of consuls. Livius was given an army to take north, where he was ordered
to meet up with, and destroy, Hasdrubal. Nero was in charge of the southern armies, and was responsible for containing
Hannibal. Hasdrubal sent a message to Hannibal that he had crossed the Alps, and would soon join with his brother to rid the world
of the accursed Romans. Unfortunately for him, he had been very specific in his plans, which were intercepted by Roman
agents. These plans were brought to Nero, who was faced with the most important choice of his life.
Nero was fairly certain that Livius could not defeat Hasdrubal with the forces he had available. Knowing Hasdrubal's plans meant
that Nero could be of great help to Livius if he took part of his army to the north. This, of course, would be in direct violation of the
Senate, and could cause him to be branded a traitor. Worse yet, there was no time to send to Rome for Senate approval. If Nero
chose to go north, it would leave his army almost defenseless against Hannibal. If Hannibal defeated the southern army, it would
leave Rome defenseless against Hannibal's attack. What a dilemma! What should Nero do?
Stay put and defend Rome
Go north & help Livius
****Nero proved that Romans could be sneaky too. He realigned his troops, so
that there would appear to be more men than there were. Then, under cover of
darkness, he took about 8000 of his best soldiers out of the camp, and
proceeded north. He sneaked these men into the camp of Livius, so that
Hasdrubal would not be aware that his plans had been discovered. When the
battle was joined, the extra men of Nero made all the difference in the
outcome. Hasdrubal was utterly defeated, and, according to legend, threw
himself into the middle of the battle, preferring to fight to the death, rather
than be captured.
It was now 204 BC, and the war had been continuing for most of one
generation. One of new consuls in Rome was Scipio, son of the previous
Scipio we met. Following the Battle of Cannae, this Scipio was one of the
few leaders to remain faithful to Rome, and pledged to defend her to his
death.
In the drawing of lots for the division of the armies, Scipio drew Sicily,
with the freedom to go elsewhere outside of Italy. Still, he had in his
heart the motive of revenge for the death of his father, caused indirectly
by Hannibal. This left him with an important choice. Should he accept his
lot and go to Sicily, or try to use his political and social popularity to
persuade the Senators to let him go after Hannibal? What would you do?
Go to Sicily
Pull some strings
XXX - You have changed History! Nero was wise enough to recognize that he must risk anything to prevent
Hannibal and Hasdrubal from uniting. This choice might have guaranteed the defeat of Rome, and changed all of
Western History as we know it. It is very doubtful that Livius would have defeated Hasdrubal, and Nero could not
allow Hannibal to gain any inspiration. Scroll down...
****Nero proved that Romans could be sneaky too. He realigned his troops, so that there
would appear to be more men than there were. Then, under cover of darkness, he took
about 8000 of his best soldiers out of the camp, and proceeded north. He sneaked these
men into the camp of Livius, so that Hasdrubal would not be aware that his plans had been
discovered. When the battle was joined, the extra men of Nero made all the difference in
the outcome. Hasdrubal was utterly defeated, and, according to legend, threw himself into
the middle of the battle, preferring to fight to the death, rather than be captured.
It was now 204 BC, and the war had been continuing for most of one
generation. One of new consuls in Rome was Scipio, son of the previous
Scipio we met. Following the Battle of Cannae, this Scipio was one of the
few leaders to remain faithful to Rome, and pledged to defend her to his
death.
In the drawing of lots for the division of the armies, Scipio drew Sicily,
with the freedom to go elsewhere outside of Italy. Still, he had in his
heart the motive of revenge for the death of his father, caused indirectly
by Hannibal. This left him with an important choice. Should he accept his
lot and go to Sicily, or try to use his political and social popularity to
persuade the Senators to let him go after Hannibal? What would you do?
Go to Sicily
Pull some strings
****Scipio dutifully went to Sicily, to secure Roman possessions there, and
ensure stability. Having done so, he used his freedom to travel, taking his
army to Africa, endangering Carthage itself. Surely the Carthaginian Senate
would call Hannibal home for defense, and the threat to Rome would be
removed.
It occurred in just this way, and we can now clearly see the end of the
Second Punic War approaching. Hannibal was, indeed, called home, and even
came face-to-face with Scipio himself.
It is said that when the two Generals met, they stood a long time, staring at each
other, and trying to comprehend the half-man, half-legend before them. Scipio
developed an abiding respect for Hannibal, that lasted many years after these wars
did.
Hannibal knew that his army was likely to lose any further battles. Scipio's forces
were sharp and disciplined, Hannibal's were weary and disillusioned. Still, peace has a
price, and both had to decide what price they could pay.
As the likely victor, Scipio could demand almost any terms he chose, but he needed
to choose wisely to avoid any further conflict with the Carthaginian army. Still, the
war had been long and costly, and the Roman Senate would demand retribution for its
losses. Scipio could offer terms that would be easy for the Carthaginians to swallow,
or he could demand great sacrifices from them, as punishment for their
aggression. Which should he do?
Battle Conclude a just peace
Punish Carthage for aggression
XXX You have changed History!
Have some class, will ya? Scipio was a classy guy,
who would never put his personal feelings ahead of duty to his country. He would not
make the selfish choice now. Romans were also very superstitious, and the choosing of
lots was considered leaving the decision in the hands of the gods. To go against one's
destiny would be to deny the wisdom of the gods in choosing the right path for us. Scroll
down...
****Scipio dutifully went to Sicily, to secure Roman possessions there, and ensure
stability. Having done so, he used his freedom to travel, taking his army to Africa,
endangering Carthage itself. Surely the Carthaginian Senate would call Hannibal home
for defense, and the threat to Rome would be removed.
It occurred in just this way, and we can now clearly see the end of the Second Punic
War approaching. Hannibal was, indeed, called home, and even came face-to-face
with Scipio himself.
It is said that when the two Generals met, they stood a long time, staring at each
other, and trying to comprehend the half-man, half-legend before them. Scipio
developed an abiding respect for Hannibal, that lasted many years after these wars
did.
Hannibal knew that his army was likely to lose any further battles. Scipio's forces
were sharp and disciplined, Hannibal's were weary and disillusioned. Still, peace has a
price, and both had to decide what price they could pay.
As the likely victor, Scipio could demand almost any terms he chose, but he needed
to choose wisely to avoid any further conflict with the Carthaginian army. Still, the
war had been long and costly, and the Roman Senate would demand retribution for its
losses. Scipio could offer terms that would be easy for the Carthaginians to swallow,
or he could demand great sacrifices from them, as punishment for their
aggression. Which should he do?
Conclude a just peace
Punish Carthage for Aggression
XXX You have changed History! If Scipio had given any easy peace terms, he might have
been in trouble in Rome, but immediate history would have changed greatly. Hannibal
offered tremendous concessions, but would not willingly accept that Carthage should
become only a vassal state to Rome. He was willing to give up money, power, and
weapons, but Scipio wanted Carthage reduced to a weak town, so that the threat to
Rome would be removed. If they had agreed on a just peace, there would have been no
final battle, but the two cities would undoubtedly have come into conflict again in the
near future. It would have left Carthage more powerful, and therefore, more dangerous,
and the Romans had come awfully near to destruction. This choice really wasn't an
option, given the character of the Romans. Scroll down...
The two great armies met for the final time on the Plain of Zama, a large area to the west
of Carthage. Each had nearly 100,000 men, and the destruction was terrible. We must
respect Hannibal for defending his city, but his army was no longer composed so much of
seasoned veterans as it was by men past their prime, war-weary, or drafted in
desperation.
At the end of the day, Hannibal went to the Carthaginian Senate and proclaimed
defeat. According to Abbott, he said, "The fortune which once attended me is lost
forever, and nothing is left to us but to make peace with our enemies on any terms that
they may think fit to impose."
For his success and great victories, Scipio was given the title Africanus Major. He
would always have great honor and respect in Rome.
Epilogue
***The two great armies met for the final time on the Plain of
Zama, a large area to the west of Carthage. Each had nearly
100,000 men, and the destruction was terrible. We must respect
Hannibal for defending his city, but his army was no longer
composed so much of seasoned veterans as it was by men past
their prime, war-weary, or drafted in desperation.
At the end of the day, Hannibal went to the Carthaginian Senate
and proclaimed defeat. According to Abbott, he said, "The fortune
which once attended me is lost forever, and nothing is left to us
but to make peace with our enemies on any terms that they may
think fit to impose."
For his success and great victories, Scipio was given the title
Africanus Major. He would always have great honor and respect
in Rome.
Epilogue
Epilogue
The settlement of peace required Carthage to give up all foreign
possessions, and give its navy to Rome. This was an extreme hardship for a
state based on profit by trade. All war elephants were given to the Romans,
and the Carthaginians were forbidden from training more. They were not
allowed to take their army outside Africa, and they could not declare war on
enemies within Africa unless they had first obtained permission from
Rome. They also had to pay Rome a large sum of money for the next 50
years.
For 8 years, Hannibal remained in Carthage, and became a political
leader. He was always on the edge of violating the peace treaty, leading
forces against local enemies without the permission of the Romans. Slowly,
he built a cadre of enemies in Carthage, who were sick of his continual
bringing of unwanted attention. These enemies eventually reported to Rome
that Hannibal was conspiring with Antiochus, ruler of Syria and Phoenicia, to
once again bring war upon Rome.
Though the reports were completely untrue, Hannibal had no choice but to
flee from all Roman vengeance. He left Carthage, hoping to spare it the
wrath the Romans felt for him, personally, but it would make no real
difference. Though he hid well, Roman "FBI" agents pursued him from place
to place, making his life miserable.
Finally, Hannibal found himself surrounded (in 182 BC) in Bithynia (in Asia
Minor). He had for many years carried with him a vial of poison for just such
a case. He drank his poison, and died, finally bringing a major chapter of
world history to a close.