中考英语理论与实践

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Transcript 中考英语理论与实践

中考测试理论与命题技术
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江西省教育厅教研室
温爱英
Teaching to / for testing?
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英国著名的教学法、测试、教材方面的专家
Rod Bolitho 说 过 这 么 一 段 话 : “ Change
methodology, the teachers don’t change easily.
Change the textbooks, you change a lot, but you
don’t change much. Change the exams and
textbooks, the methodology will follow. Change
the exams, you change everything.”
The backwash of testing
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用模拟考试、做试题冲击教学,替代讲课和练习,把
生动活泼的外语教学变成枯燥的应试技巧训练,都是
测试负面的或有害的反拨作用(田贵森2003:14)。
负面反拨效应产生于两个环节:试题的设计和测试的
使用,前者为内因,后者为外因。
负面反拨效应的本质是测试效度对信度和操作简易性
的屈从(李冥2005:46)。任何测试都必须在效度、
信度、可行性和对教学的反拨作用之间采取妥协,保
持平衡(辜向东2002:69)。
报告由以下部分组成:
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一、 2006年中考反思
二、2007年中考解读
三、中考测试理论
四、中考命题技术
五、对中考复习的几点建议
一、 2006年中考反思
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症状1、学生的动手能力很差。具体表现在听力理解
的第3题“用词填表格”、完形填空中的B部分“用词
的适当形式填空”、阅读理解的B部分“根据短文回
答问题”和“书面表达”四部分得分率很低,有相当
考生没有动手。
原因:大量的选择题造成的题海战术,让学生习惯猜
题和熟悉A、B、C、D。
对策:平时多做非选择题,培养学生的动手能力,养
成勤表达的良好习惯,包括口头和笔头。
一、 2006年中考反思
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症状2、学生的语言综合运用能力、分析问题和解决
问题的能力较差。具体表现在听力理解和阅读理解中
“深层理解和需要概括、归纳的题目”上失分较多;
完形填空得分不高。
原因:1)课堂上大量的知识讲解没有真正培养学生
的能力。
2)平时的题目以考查知识点、直白信息和浅
层理解的占绝大多数。
对策:1)学习知识的目的是为了运用知识,课堂教
学要积极创造机会让学生运用知识去解决问题。
2)题目的设计要有剃度,从知识到技能,再
到能力。
一、 2006年中考反思
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症状3、学生思维僵化,语言单一,缺乏自信和冒险
精神。
原因:教师把活生生的语言规则化;答案标准化;反
馈单一化;题目设计没有提供自由发挥的空间。
对策:1)活化语言,在情景中教语言,语言在情景
中才具有生命力。不同的语言可以表达相同的意思,
同样的语言在不同的情景中表达的意思不一样。
2)给学生自由表达的机会,张扬学生的个性。
3)多元化评价,培养学生的自信和冒险精神。
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Pat Alex(P) comes by to see Li Hong(L). They talk about the party
last night and about the weather.
P: Hi, Li Hong.
L: Hi, Pat. 76
P: Because it was so cold and rainy.
L: 77 ! It was a really good party. Hey, why don’t we go for a walk
this afternoon, Pat?
P: Go for a walk? But it’s so cold out.
L: Cold out? 78 ?
P: About 13℃
L: 13℃ ? 79 .Just wait until winter.
P: Why?
L: Well… it snows a lot and sometimes it’s very cold. Last winter it
was 7℃ below zero for three weeks. And it was windy, too.
P: That sounds terrible!
L: 80 .The sun was out almost every day.
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76.Why didn’t you go to the party last night.
77.What a pity/ That’s too bad/ Too bad.
78.What’s the temperature.
79.That’s not cold/ It wasn’t cold at all/It’s not
cold
80.It’s wasn’t all that terrible/That wasn’t so
bad/No
/I wouldn’t say that/ Not terrible.
2007年中考解读
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2007大纲卷考试形式与试卷结构
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2007课标卷考试形式与试卷结构
2007大纲卷考试形式与试卷结构
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1、没有系统或专门学习有关“测试”的理论知
识,只是模仿或凭感觉、凭经验,学生会错什么
就考什么,特别是单选题的命制。
2、花在研究教学的时间多,对于试题的命制则
没有特别研究。
3、对初三复习课的目的很清楚,但未能把理念
转化为真正的课堂教学行为。
4、想方设法多占用学生的时间,但很少钻研复
习教学方法,做到复以习省时高效。
5、思维已成定势,认为复习课不用备课,拿到
教材归纳知识点,拿到试卷对对答案。
2007课标卷考试形式与试卷结构
二、测试理论
(一)教学与测试的关系
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测试和教学是什么关系?
两种完全对立的观点:
其一,测试是教学的中心,即“应试教学”(teach
to test);
其二,测试是为教学服务的(Davies 1968:5; 杨惠中
1999:16),即测试应当遵循和模仿教学的模式
(Testing should follow and ape teaching)(Davies
1968:5)。
你的观点是什么?
(一)教学与测试的关系
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语言教学与语言测试的关系是一种“伙伴关系”(relationship
of partnership),“合作关系” (Huges,2000:2) ,两者相互联
系、相互影响,忽视任何一方,另一方都无法正常运作
(Both teaching and testing are closely interrelated that it is
virtually impossible to work in either field without being
constantly concerned with the other)。测试既为教学服务,又
直接影响教学,并对教学产生一定的反拨作用,这种反拨作
用或有益于教学,或妨碍教学。
(二)语言测试的四个要素
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任何语言测试,尤其是大规模、高风险
的语言测试必须具备四个要素:效度、
信度、可行性和对教学积极的反拨作用。
效
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度(Validity)
“语言测试的效度,亦称有效性,或者说,在
多大程度上,是为了目的所要考的”(李筱菊
1997:49)。效度的概念包括以下几个方面:
结构效度(语言测试的理论基础)、内容效度
(足够的、具有代表性的、相关的抽样)、标
准关联效度(与外在的独立的、得到广泛认可
的测试相比较,含同期效度和预测效度)和表
面效度(外行对测试的印象)。
信 度(Reliability)
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语言测试的信度是指语言测试结果的一
致性程度。信度包括三个方面:测试本
身的信度、受试在不同情况下的表现以
及评分的信度。
可行性与对教学的反拨作用
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除效度、信度外,可行性是语言测试的另一要
素。一项测试只有在其人力、物力、时间许可
的范围内才具可行性。可行性主要与实施测试
的方法以及在多大程度上是否要建立和采用某
项测试有关(辜向东2002:68-69)。与此同
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时,还要考虑测试对教学的反拨作用。
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在主、客观测试中,效度、信度、可行性
和对教学的反拨作用四者之间的关系如下:
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项目
主观性测试
客观性测试
( Item )
( Subjective )
( Objective )
效度(Validity) 更高(Higher) 更低(Lower)
信度(Reliability)更低(Lower) 更高(Higher)
可行性
可行性更小
可行性更大
( Practicality)
( Less practical) ( More practical)
反拨作用
更积极的
更负面的
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(Backwash effect) ( More positive)
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( Less positive)
(三)命题原则
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[试卷结构]
效度标准:是否考了所要考的?→
即:考试分数在多大程度上体现了考生的语言
能力?→
即:分数的准确性。
信度标准:是否保证考试分数的公平性?→
即:考试分数在多大程度上不受评分误差的影
响?→
即:分数的一致性。
(三)命题原则
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[试题内容]
→代表性:考试内容是否是教学的重点?
→覆盖面:考试内容是否涵盖教学的主要内容?
在试题设计/命题时,我们始终要问:
它考了学生的什么能力/或是能激活学生什么
样的考试过程/行为?是我们想要考的吗?
评分是否有误差?如何控制评分误差?
(四)有关中考
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1、基本目标
试题具有较高的效度、相当的信度、适当的难
度、必要的区分度;确保试卷的指导性、基础
性、科学性、全面性、有效性。
确保试题的信度和效度,以使考试的形式有利
于实现考查的目的,使考试结果尽可能准确地
反映学生的实际水平,充分发挥中考的鉴定功
能和激励功能。
2、测试应遵循的标准和原则
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何谓一份好试卷?
具备五个要素、遵循六大原则。
1)英语测试的主要标准
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英语测试是检测学生综合语言运用能力发展
程度的重要途径。好的语言测试一般应具有
五个特征:有效性(validity)、可靠性
(reliability)、区分性(discrimination)、实用性
(feasibility)和教育性,即良好的反拨作用
(backwash effect)。
2)中考命题的六大原则
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1、依据《英语课程标准》来确定考查的内容和标准。
就是说命题不应该以教材为标准。
2、着重考查学生的综合语言运用能力。
3、要充分考虑学生的实际生活和身心发展水平。
4、要选用真实、地道的语言素材,根据语言的实际
使用情形命题。
5、要确保试题的信度和效度,杜绝繁、偏、旧的试
题,并控制题量。
6、要根据试题的考查目的和考查重点科学、合理地
指定评分标准。
3)英语新课程目标
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基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合
语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在学生
语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意
识等素养整体发展的基础上。语言知识和语言技能是
综合语言运用能力的基础,文化意识是得体运用语言
的保证。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素,
学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证。
这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。
4)课程标准五级应达到的
综合语言运用能力目标
有较明确的英语学习动机和积极主动的学习态度。能
听懂教师有关熟悉话题的陈述并参与讨论。能就日常
生活的各种话题与他人交换信息并陈述自己的意见。
能读懂供7-9年级学生阅读的简单读物和报刊、杂志,
克服生词障碍,理解大意。能根据阅读目的运用适当
的阅读策略。能根据提示起草和修改小作文。能与他
人合作,解决问题并报告结果,共同完成学习任务。
能对自己的学习进行评价,总结学习方法。能利用多
种教育资源进行学习。进一步增强对文化差异的理解
与认识。
3、2007年英语中考走势
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1)新课程英语中考注重考查能力,那么
具体考查学生哪些方面的能力呢?
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英语学业考试应侧重考查学生的语言技能、语言
知识、跨文化交际意识以及跨文化交际的能力。
《英语课程标准》中提到的学习策略和情感态度
在试题中不能直接进行考查。因此,新课程英语
中考考查学生以下五个方面的能力:听力技能;
口语技能;阅读技能;写作技能;语言知识的运
用能力。
2)语言知识的运用能力
具体指什么?
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语言知识的运用能力指的是学生在一定的语境中
运用语言知识、语法知识和语用知识的能力。对
知识的考查既不能孤立地考查某些知识点,也不
能机械地考查学生对知识的记忆情况。单元练习
考查的是语言知识,但是在语境中运用知识就是
要在给出句子的逻辑中去判断答案,这是中考命
题的新思路。
3)中考改革的发展趋势
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针对教学目标,采用以折中主义为理念的交际语
言能力(communicative language ability)测试模
式(Bachman,2000),尽量使用直接的语言行为
测试,重点测量学生在一定语境中运用英语进行
有效交际的能力。减少离散题和客观题,增加主
观题的比例。尽可能使用真实的语言材料,在考
试的阅读材料(包括简短问答题和完型填空题)
中,增加文章的标题。新增实用性、真实性并举
的作文考试题。
4)课程标准与修订大纲对照表
课程标准
(2002年颁布)
听
修订版大纲
(2000年颁布)
40小时泛
120个/分
听
速度
90-100个/分
速度
40-60个/分
50-70个/分
生词率
< 2%
< 3%
读
词
汇
使
用
10万词泛
读
生词
1500-1600个
1100-1200个
习语
200-300个
200-300个
15万词以上
10万此以上
课外阅读
四、中考命题技术
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(一)听力测试
(二)单项填空
(三)完型填空
(四)阅读理解
(五)补全对话
(六)书面表达
(一)听力测试
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评价内容与目标
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评价学生从有声材料中获取信息的能力。其评
价目标为通过有关熟悉话题的对话或独白(短
文),根据语调和重音,理解说话者的意图,
并从中提取信息。(Information including 身份
who/whom, 地点where, 时间when, 原因why, 方
式 how, 数 量 how many, 内 容 what: making
comparisons,
making
judgment,
making
inferences作出推断,理解说话人的语气、心
绪和summarizing归纳、总结等。)
听力和阅读问题的设计
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Plain facts or Students’ critical thinking
Plain facts
1、When did this story happen?
A. March 14. B. March 15. C. March 16.
2. Where did the story happen?
3. Who was making a report when someone fell off a chair?
4. How many teachers attended the meeting?
Critical thinking
What do you think of Wen Aiying’s report?
A. Good. B. Not good. C. We don’t know.
命题原则
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听力材料口语化、生活化,语言地道,
具有情景,增加信息输入量,试题以特
殊问句方式或表格形式给出,各选项一
般为三个,问题印在试卷上;表格为五
个空格。
听力测试A)部分
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是评价学生从有声材料中获取信息的能
力。其评价目标为通过有关熟悉话题的
简短对话,根据语调和重音,理解说话
者的意图,并从中提取信息。
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材料1:M: Can I take your coat, madam?
W: Thank you.
M: And would you like something
to drink before you order your meal?
材料2:M: Well, I’ll be leaving now.
W: Must you go so soon?
例如:
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Q1: Where are they?
A. In a clothes shop.
B. In a restaurant. C. In a coffee shop.
Q2: What does the woman mean?
A. She wants him to stay longer.
B.She knows he must go soon.
C. She wants him to go now.
听力测试B)部分
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所涉及的内容为学生所熟悉的话题内容,
如谈论天气、家庭、活动、购物、看病、
打电话、聚会、旅游等。试题均以特殊
问句的方式给出。其评价目标为能听懂
接近正常语速的有关熟悉话题的谈话,
并能从中提取信息和观点。
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M: Good afternoon, madam. Can I help you?
W: Well, I seem to have lost my handbag.
M: Oh, I’m sorry. Could you tell me what it looks like?
W: OK. It’s a brown bag. Oh, No, it’s black.
M: Black?
W: Yes, and it’s made of leather.
M: Fine. Have you got anything inside?
W: Well, my mobile phone is in there, and, er, my money. I mean
all of my money is in there. I have about 50 pounds.
M: I see.
W: Oh, I have a little address book.
M: Any photos in it?
W: No.
M: Fine. Could I know your name?
W: I’m Jane Parker.
M: Yes, madam.
For example:
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1. What color is the woman’s bag?
A. Brown. B. Black. C. Blue.
2. Which of the following is not in her bag?
A. A wallet. B. A mobile phone.
C. An address book.
3. How does the woman feel?
A. Worried. B. Angry. C. Surprised.
4. What can we learn from the dialogue?
A. The woman lost it in the morning.
B. It’s a present from her husband.
C. It’s a leather bag.
听力测试C)部分
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为短文独白的理解。其所涉及的内容为
学生所熟悉的学习和生活经历。短文的
长度一般在150个词左右。该部分的评价
目标是听懂接近正常语速的短文,理解
短文所叙述的事实及说话者的意图、态
度和观点。新课标根据短文内容按要求
作适当的记录。

例题
11. Where are they?
A. In a office. B. In a market. C. In a hospital.
12. What’s the trouble with Mr. Nelson?
 A. He has got a toothache. B. He had a tooth pulled out.
 C. He has to look over the other tooth.
13. What does the woman want to do?
 A. He has a tooth pulled out.
 B. He sleeps for a day long.

B.
He presses the tooth like this.

听力材料:

W: What’s the trouble, Mr. Nelson?
M: It’s this tooth here. It’s aching.
W: I see. Has it given you a lot of trouble?
M: Yes, it kept me awake last night.
W: Just let me have a look. Open wide, please. Hmm, now
I’ll just look over the other teeth..
M: You mean you look at them right now.
W: Yes, open wide, please. Now when I press like this, does
it hurt?
M: Ouch.
W: It seems that this tooth needs pulling out.
M: Doctor, it’s felling well.
W: I’m afraid not. (CCA )
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Dialogue 1
11.What are the two speakers going to do this evening?
A. Have dinner in a restaurant. B. Go to see friends.
C. Make Sichuan food.
12.Why doesn’t the man feel like having Sichuan food
today?
A.Because it’s too expensive. B. Because it’s too hot.
C. Because the restaurant is too far.
13.What kind of food do they both like?
A. Chinese food.
B. Fast food.
C. Italian food.
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1. What’s the strongest reason for Englishmen often to go to pubs?
A. To meet their friends. B. To relax themselves. C. To drink beer.
2. What should a woman do if she wants to visit an English Pub?
A. Go there alone. B. Go there with her friends.
C. Go there
with a man.
3. According to the passage, how long do pubs usually stay open?
A. 13 hours. B. 12 hours.
C. 11 hours.
4. Which of the following is true for many Englishmen?
A. They feel lucky in a pub. B. They are not interested in their jobs.
C. They can tell their troubles to bar girls whenever they want to.
5. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Englishmen enjoy going to pubs.
B. The pub is the best place for Englishmen to go to after work.
C. The speaker likes pubs very much. (BCABA)
(6. Who is the speaker? A. A man. B. A woman. C. We can’t
decide. )



The word ‘pub’ is the short for ‘public house’ in Great
Britain. It’s the Englishmen’s favorite meeting place, where
they can get together with friends over a pint of beer and talk about
football, or horse racing, or business. Pubs are usually open from
11 a.m. to midnight.
You may notice that the pub is the Englishmen’s meeting place.
It’s not quite fit for a woman to go into a pub alone. She must have
a man to go with her. Perhaps that’s partly the reason why pubs
makes me unhappy.
Most Englishmen have their favorite place, where they can relax
themselves, and if they are lucky, tell their troubles to a beautiful
bargirl. Indeed, many men dream of retiring from their 9-5 jobs
and buying a little country pub, where they imagine they will be
the host of a seven nights a week party.
Name: 21
E-mail: 22
The time to go to university: 23
Kind of room: 24
Price (per month): 25
.
.
.
.
.
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
David R. Smith is going to study at Fudan
University in September, so he has to find a
room to live in. He only needs a single room
because housing is so expensive in Shanghai. He
wants to find a room at lower price, about 350
yuan a month, for it is not easy for him, a first
year student, to find a good part-time job quickly.
Could you help him? If so, please e-mail him
before July 31th. His e-mail address is David@
Yahoo. com .
(二)知识运用

知识运用部分又分为两节:

“语法和词汇”和“完形填空”。
1、语法和词汇

语法和词汇,即单项填空,主要考查考生的语法知识
和运用语法知识的能力,以及对词语和词语搭配、习
惯用语等的正确理解能力。这部分试题覆盖面广,淡
化了语法,突出了语言的实用性,试题重点突出,强
调动词用法能力的考查。从设计的角度看,这部分考
查的重点不是语法结构和词汇记忆,而是把语法和词
汇知识的测试放在适当的情景中,强调了语言知识的
实际应用和交际功能。大多数题目考查考生在特定语
境中理解和运用语法、词汇等基础知识的能力。
2、单项选择题的命题技术
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A、要科学、合理地设计考点。
B、试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性。
C、选项本身在语法上应该是正确的。
D、选项长度要适当、均衡。
E、要保证试题的答案没有争议。
F、要考查学生根据情景(上下文)的判断推
理能力
G、题干越简洁越好。
A、要科学、合理地设计考点
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1. ---I went to New York.
---Did you?
---Yes, I’ve just come back.
2.---Have you heard of the accident about Lucy
and her father?
---Accident? No, I haven’t. Tell me about it.
3. ---909--365—2781.
---Just let me check that. 909—365—2781.
---That’s it.
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1. ---I went to New York.
---______ you?
---Yes, I’ve just come back.
A. Have
B. Did
C. Will
D. Do
2.---Have you heard of the accident about Lucy and her
father?
---Accident? No, I haven’t. Tell me about ______.
A. it
B. her
C. him
D. them
5. ---909--365—2781.
---Just let me _____ that. 909—365—2781.
---That’s it.
A. say B. check
C. find
D. catch
B、试题设计要具有严密的科学性
和严谨性




The three months of spring in China are
______.
A. December, January and February
B. March, April and May
C. January, February and March
C、选项本身在语法上应该是正确的。
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3. ---Do you often go to those big concerts?
---Sometimes. I like listening to CDs ______.
A. very much. B. better C. best
D. a little
4. When you talk with others, try to talk about ______ they are
interested in.
A. everything B. nothing
C. something D. anything
5. ─ Every year, millions of fishes are killed by the polluted
water.
─ ____ we should do something to stop it. (2007年样卷)
A. If
B. Unless
C. But
D. So
6. ─ How much shall I pay for the telephone call?
─ You _______. It’s free. (2007年样卷)
A. should not
B. can’t
C. don’t have to D. mustn’t
E、要保证试题的答案没有争议

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
You were in Shanghai last week, ______ you?
A. were B. weren’t C. did D. didn’t
---Would you mind if I open the window?
---______, though it’s a little cold.
A. Yes, please B. Sure
C. Not at all D. Sorry
F、要考查学生根据情景(上下文)的
判断推理能力
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
---Hi, Lin Tao! Where _____ you just now?(缺乏情景)
---I went to the playground.
A. were B. are C. have been D. will be
---What about flying to London?
---We can’t ______ it. Taking a train is cheaper./ Maybe we’re
going there by train.
A. make
B. keep C. plan D. afford
I can’t remember when exactly the Blacks left ______city. I
only remember it was ______Saturday. A. the, the
B. a, the
C. a, a D. the, a
(二)完填空

“完型填空”试题的命制,基本上遵循
“突出语篇,强调应用,注重实际”的
设计思路。试题特点鲜明,“考查考生
在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的掌握
情况”,即要求考生通读短文,掌握文
章大意,综合运用所学的词汇、语法等
知识,从试题所提供的词汇、短语中判
断出是短文意思通顺、结构完整的词汇
或短语。
完形填空题考查趋势



将由局部理解向整体理解转移:试题考查点减少了单句层次
的试题,明显增加了语篇理解的试题;设问角度突出考查对
整 、对上下文乃至全篇的理解。
考查点设置的三个层面
首先,“点”的层面。答题时只需考虑设空所在的句子的意
思便可得出答案,属于较易试题。其次,“线”的层面。答
题时需要弄清楚前后几个句子甚至上下一两段段意才能找出
答案,属于中等难度试题。最后,“面”的层面。考查考生
对文章内容进行逻辑分析,推理判断能力。在做”点”、
“先、线”的基础上才能做好面的题。答题时必须通观全文,
从整体角度考虑才能判断出最佳答案,属于较难试题。
完形填空命题原则
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1) 选材 与当代英语国家人士的生活关系密切(观点、情感、意识、
时尚等
上下文联系紧凑
富含可考项目
2)挖空 第一句不挖空
各类题均匀分布(动词略多)
试题在短文中均匀分布(相邻两个空格之间,间隔10词左右)
避免相互依存的题
避免答案出现在试卷中的其他地方
3)选项 正确答案必须是短文中被挖掉的词或短语(未经改写)
干扰项有干扰性
干扰项是正确项的干扰项,而不是干扰项的干扰项
干扰项不应相互包容
须是正确的英语表达形式
4) 考查目的明确,立足语篇理解.
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Where did you go yesterday?Did you hear music at any of those places?Today
most stores and restaurants play music. You might even hear music in an office or
on a farm.
Scientists believe that music changes the way people behave(举止).According to
some scientists, the sound of western classical(古典的)music makes people feel
richer. When a restaurant plays classical music, people spend more money on food
and drinks. When the restaurant plays modern music, people spend less money.
With no music, people spend even less.
Scientists also believe that loud, fast music makes people eat faster. In fact, people
eat their food faster when the music get faster. Some restaurants play fast music
during their busy hours. This gets people to eat faster and leave quickly.
Restaurants can make more money this way.
Some scientists think that music makes you think and learn better. They say that
music helps students to be more active. It is true that people learn better when they
are relaxed. And listening to music and help you relax.
The next time you hear music somewhere, be careful.It might change the way you
do things.
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41.A.music
42.A.already
43.A.way
44.A.become
45.A.much
46.A.pop
47.A.no
48.A.think
49.A.cook
50.A.free
51.A.can
52.A.how
53.A.excited
54.A.first
55.A.quiet
B. stories
B. even
B. time
B. get
B. more
B. modern
B. much
B. hope
B. order
B. busy
B. should
B. why
B. interested
B. second
B. quick
C. songs
D. sound
C. hardly
D. never
C. idea
D. place
C. feel
D. look
C. little
D. less
C. light
D. country
C. any
D. some
C. realize
D. believe
C. eat
D. make
C. happy
D. sad
C. can’t
D. needn’t
C. what
D. that
C. confident D. relaxed
C. next
D. last
C. happy
D. careful

answer, ask, do, explain, feel, hang, know,, plan, surprise, tell, wait, work

My girlfriend took time off from work one week to move to a new house. It
was a lot of hard work. I 56 a little tired under the weather the next day
from working so hard. I wanted to give my girlfriend a call and 57 her that
we should call off our 58 for the evening. When I called the number, a man
59 the phone. “Hello,” he said. I had not counted on a man answering
Sally’s phone. I was a little 60 .
I asked, “Is Sally there?” The man said, “She 61 some washing right now.”
Then I asked, “Can you tell her to call her boyfriend?” I 62 up the phone
without waiting for the man’s answer.
Thirty minutes later, Sally had not called me back. I went on 63 for an
hour before I called Sally again. A woman answered the phone. “Hello,” she
said. The voice was strange. Suddenly I 64 that I had the wrong phone
number. I said, “You’re not Sally!”
The woman said, “And you’re not my boyfriend. I 65 that to my husband
for over an hour.”



Key:

56. was feeling 57. tell 58. plans 59. answered
60. surprised
61. is doing 62. hung 63. waiting 64. knew

65. have explained/have been explaining

(四)阅读理解

语言是交流思想的工具,而阅读是获得较综合、
复杂、深刻信息的重要途径。阅读理解更体现
了中考着重考查学生实际运用语言的能力,特
别是阅读能力的倾向。阅读理解是语言学习的
基础,比如对听力选项的理解、单项选择题干
的分析、完型填空整段文章的把握,都需要借
助阅读能力来完成。
1、阅读理解能力测试要点

阅读理解部分着重考查考生对有关日常生活话
题文章的理解能力,通常内容包括几个重要的
阅读微技能:领悟文章的主旨;理解文章的具
体细节;根据上下文推测生词词义;作出简单
的判断和推理;理解文章的脉络结构;揣测作
者的意图和态度等。阅读理解测试的目的是考
查学生通过阅读获取信息的能力。
2、 阅读理解选材



文章语言地道、内容清楚、结构紧凑。短文使用的词
汇符合初中毕业生的认知程度,文章长短适宜,绝大
部分考生能在规定的时间内完成阅读、理解、作答。
体裁多样化,包括议论文、记叙文、说明文、应用文、
广告等。
题材丰富,涉及科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、人
物介绍等。材料真实贴近生活、贴近现实。语言生动
规范,描写具体,推理严谨。












1)考查方向
掌握细节
理解全篇大意、逻辑关系
推断生词含义
结合常识加深理解
推测作者意图、文外之意
2)素材选择
多为故事、应用文、科普、哲理、文学等
主题恰当,有利于学生的成长
对各类学生公平(性别、城乡等)
应是好文章,站得住脚
长短适宜、难易适度、不宜太专业化
自成一体,有头有尾
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3)题干
目前通常为问题或补全句子
不要太复杂,但包含更多信息
选项中公共部分放入题干
题干不可太简单,以致限不住考点
避免带有否定意义的题干
4)选项
形式、长度基本一致
均用正确的英语形式
正确答案不应是短文中的原句
干扰项有干扰性
不应出现难以接受的词、词组
近年来,阅读理解题不仅有选择题,也有读完短文后填空、回答
问题、翻译句子等主观题。这种综合阅读题,提高了考查阅读理
解能力的力度,应予提倡。


In the Caucasus Mountains, nearly 50 out of every 100,000
people live to celebrate their 100th birthday, and many don’t stop
at 100! In America only 3 people in 100,000 reach 100.But these
old people aren’t alone. The people who live high in the
Himalaya Mountains and the Andes Mountains, seem to share
the secret of long life, too.
First of all, hard physical(体力的) work is a way of life for all of
these long-lived people. They begin their long days of physical
work as children and never seem to stop. For example, Mr.
Rustam is 142 years of age. He has experienced several wars.
His wife is 116 years old. They have been married for 90 years.
Mr. Rustam doesn’t want to stop his work as a farmer.“ Why?
What else would I do?” He asks. Oh, he has slowed down a bit.
Now he might work for 6 hours in the field instead of 10

.

Another factor (因素) that may contribute to the good health of
these people is their isolation. Most of them are kept off the
modern world.

Inherited (遗传的) factors also help. Most of the longest-lived
people had parents and grandparents who also reached very old
ages. So good family genes(基因) may be one factor in living
longer.
Finally, although these three groups don’t eat exactly the same
food, they eat little animal meat. Their diets are full of fresh
fruits, vegetables, nuts, grains, cheese and milk. They never eat
more food than body need.


67.How many factors are mentioned that may contribute
to the good health of these long-lived people?
A. Two
B. Three.
C. Four
D. Five
68.Which of the following contributes to the good health
of all these long-lived people?
A. Fresh air in the mountains.
B. Hard physical
work.
C. Good family genes.
D. The same food.
69.What does the word “isolation” mean in Chinese?

A. 自我封闭

70.What would the best title(标题)for the passage?
A. Good Health
B. The Old People in the Mountains
C. Long-lived People D. The Secret of Long life


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

B. 与世隔绝
C. 独立
D. 淡泊
4、“根据短文回答问题” 题目的设
计




特点:从易到难,从表面到深层。
短文中可直接找到的答案。(2个小题)
根据短文内容需要学生稍作概括才能回答的问
题。(2个小题)
根据短文内容需要学生发表自己看法的问题。
(1小题)


I had many travel stories while I was in China and some of them were
so heart-warming and unforgettable.
On one trip, after getting on a plane from Xiamen to Beijing, I
discovered I’d lost my passport (护照). Without it, I could do nothing
between two cities, neither of which was my home. I tried not to look
worried, but I could see that the flight staff (工作人员) and the other
passengers on the plane could see. And maybe that was for the best
because, to my surprise, they put off the flight and radioed the airport
staff, who searched the airport while the the flight staff searched the
runway and the bus. At the same time, many of the passengers had
begun searching the plane. I didn’t hear a single complaining voice;
everyone was willing to help. Finally a police officer entered the plane
and began to collect information from me. I thought my passport could
no longer be found when suddenly a woman waved the small blue book
in the air---she had found it! The whole plane was full of pleasure. I was
very grateful for the kindness I’d experienced from so many people
who’d treated me like a friend in need and not just as a foreigner.
Questions:





1. When did the writer find that he had lost his passport?
2. How did he feel at that time?
3. Where were the flight staff and the other passengers
looking for his passport?
4. When did a woman find his passport?
5. Why did the writer feel grateful ?
(五) 补全对话






1)评价目标
评价学生在语言交际活动中的综合语言运用能力
2)命题原则
话题或情景是学生熟悉的内容。
补全对话的五个空应为同一人说的话。
学生有话可说,同时答案不一定是惟一的,根据个人
的喜好、心情或语气的不同会说出不同的话,即要留
有学生自由表达的空间。要注意语言的得体性,面对
不同身份的人说不同的话,同时要考虑到说话者的身
份,说出的话应该和自己身份相符,这当也涉及文化
背景的问题。
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
(J = Jane, F = Fan)
J: Hi, can I help you?
F: Yes, please. I want to join the English club.
J: Good. 76.___________________?
F: Fan Zhiwei.
J: 77.____________________, what’s your family name?
F: Fan.
J: 78._____________________?
F: I’m a taxi driver.
J: 79._____________________?
F: Because I want to learn English well. English is very important and more
and more foreign friends take my car now. Speaking English will help me a lot.
J: How can we contact you?
F: My cell phone number is 13913450026 and my e-mail address is
[email protected].
J: 80. _____________________. Please fill in it.
F: Thank you.
(六) 书面表达

英语试卷考查被试者的两种功能,语言输入功能和语
言输出功能。听与读是知识的输入功能,说和写是知
识的输出功能。听、读已在试卷中占有很大的权重。
目前,说,即口试还无法进行大规模的操作,写----书面表达的检测作用就凸显出来了。书面表达一直
作为中考英语学科试卷的主观测试题之一,主要基于
英语作文这种测试题型能达到考查学生的英语语言综
合运用能力的大部分要求。它通过限时的简单写作来
考查学生是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能
进行思想交流,学生的写作水平能否达到中学英语教
学大纲和课程标准所规定的写作要求。
(六)书面表达

书面表达是一种综合性测试,它不仅测试学生的词汇、
用法、语法等语言要素,而且还测试学生的组织能力、
分析能力、表达能力以及对各种语体的掌握能力等。
在写作教学和测试中,学生光会写几个合乎语法的句
子是不够的,重要的是看其语言运用是否得体,即是
否符合设想的角色、身份、关系、话题内容、口笔语
特征等。
1、开放题的命题技术

1、所提供的信息要清楚、准确,要保证所有的学生
都能理解。

2、书面表达要考查的是学生的语言表达能力。制定
评分标准时少纠缠错误,应注重表达的意义和流畅性。
2、命题原则




A、测试任务的设定要适合学生的实际水平。如初级水平的学生
可要求写短信、填表格等,高级水平的学生可要求写报告等。
B、提供交际情景。此类情景有三个因素:写作目的、假定的作
者和假定的读者。
C、强调试题的真实性。真实性指题目设计是否与现实生活中的
语言运用相似。真实性是语言试题质量优劣的重要标志,与考
试的效度紧密相关。真实性较强的语言试题一般效度也高,反
之亦然。这里所说的真实性是指考生将来有可能身临类似的英
语运用环境。
D、控制答题内容。书面表达题不是自由作文,考生不能自主决
定内容和自由发挥。书面表达题通常用图画、图表或文字提供
内容,考生答题时必须结合交际情景决定短文的主旨大意和主
要细节;脱离了题目要求的基本内容,语言写得再好也不可能
得高分。
3、书面表达的特点

紧扣教学大纲或课程标准对考生书面表达的要求;以
有指导的写作为主,便于考生在短时间内构思成文;
突出试题的交际性,考查学生在特定的情景中运用语
言的能力;增强试题的使用性,所选话题贴近学生学
习生活,为学生所熟悉;易于表达,学生有话可写并
且能够写;要求考生能够发表自己的观点和感想,留
给学生足够的写作空间。









试比较以下两道书面表达的试题:
[题例1]
假设你去泰国旅游后,当地导游请你在反馈表上写下
对该旅行社提供的服务的意见或建议。请根据以下内容下
一篇80-100词左右的英语作文:
1、表示对旅行社提纲的服务总体感到满意。
2、当地导游对游客非常热情、体贴、耐心照顾团中的老人。
3、导游对游地讲解清晰、生动、增长了我们的见闻。
4、提出饭馆提供的膳食不合口味。
5、我们有些人不得不子买事物。
6、建议应该多提供货真价实的购物场所。

[题例1]

假设你去泰国旅游后,当地导游请你在反馈表上写下对
该旅行社提供的服务的意见或建议。请根据以下内容下一篇
80-100词左右的英语作文:
总体评价
评
满
意
对当地导游的评价
当地导游对游客非常热情、体贴、耐心照
顾团中的老人。
3、导游对游地讲解清晰、生动、增长了
我们的见闻。
对饭馆提供的膳食
不合口味(有些人不得不自买食物)
价
的评价
建
议
提供货真价实的购物场所
Mike是你班的一位来自澳大利亚的同学。他患了感冒,去药店买来一
盒药,向你询问服药方法。请你根据药品说明,向Mike解释,并告诉他如
何预防感冒。(词数:不少于80个;给出的首句不计入总词数)
服
用
说
明
【适应症】:适用于感冒引起的咳嗽、头疼等症状。
【用法与用量】:饭前口服。一次1-2片,一天3次,
疗程3-5天。
【不良反应】:偶有瞌睡感。
【禁忌】:服药期间忌鱼、酒、辛辣食品。
This medicine is used for curing cough, headache, and something like that caused
by cold.




假如你叫李平,参加了学校开展的“有烦恼向谁说”的调查活动,调
查结果如图所示。请用英语的给校报编辑写出一封信,内容包括:调
查结果(不局限于用分数表述)、理由及自己的想法。
要求:1、语句通顺,合乎逻辑。
2、字数80——100词(信的开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数)
提示词:调查:survey 信任:trust

向同学、朋友说 (72%)((理由:年龄相仿、容
易交流与理解)
向老师、家长说(25%)(理由:有爱心、有经验,
可以信任)




自己独自解决(13%)(理由:不愿与人交流,
难以与人相处)





March 26th,2005

Dear Editor,



One possible Version:
…Most of the students will go to their classmates or friends when in
trouble because they’re almost of the same age, they can talk with,
communicate with and understand each other easily. Some students
will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles as the teachers
and parents have rich experience and love them very much. They can
be trusted by these students. Only a few students solve their problems
all by themselves. They hate to talk with others and can’t get on well
with others. They have few friends.
In my opinion, when in trouble, we’d better ask our teachers,
parents, friends or classmates for help.






你的一位美国网友正在收集世界各地的生日庆祝方式。
她请你介绍中国学生过生日的方式。请你根据以下要
点写一篇短文,在网上发给她。(字数:不少于80)
1、 通常方式
1) 生日聚会
2) 生日礼物
3) 生日祝福
2、 你认为更有意义的庆祝方式和理由。
六、对中考复习的几点建议








1、平时的教学要稳扎稳打,应是“学生本位”,而不是“进度本位”。
为了复习赶进度而草草结束新课容易做成“夹生饭”。
2、加强复习的计划性和针对性,让各层次的学生都有所获,尽力作到
省时高效。
3、复习教学更应作到“以学生为中心”,最大限度地调动学生的积极
性。
4、开展真实的交际活动,采用“任务型教学”,让学生获得成就感。
5、开发课程资源,拓展学用渠道 (五级:除教材外,课外阅读量应
达到15万词以上)广泛大量的阅读才能真正提高阅读能力。
6、语法教学宜采用演绎法和归纳法相结合,突出培养学生在情景中运
用语法的能力。
7、书面表达宜采用“练、评、讲、练”的方式;批改方式宜采用“自
评、互评、师评”相结合的方式;评价标准应突出语言的“意义”和
“流畅性”。
8、“爱心”能让您实现“双赢”。
与各位共勉

“经验+反思”是“教师专业成长”的基
本途径。

“腹有诗书气自华”,视读书为一件快
乐的事情。

做位“研究型教师”,提升自我职业价
值。
通


知
征集初中英语优秀试题
及中考评价方案
Thanks
a
lot
!

Enjoy yourself
every minute!
