Transcript Canada - 山东大学精品课程建设工作

Canada
• Canada is a country occupying most of northern
North America, extending from the Atlantic
Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west
and northward into the Arctic Ocean.
• It is the world's second largest country by total
area, and shares land borders with the United
States to the south and northwest.
• The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for
millennia by various groups of aboriginal people.
• A federation comprising ten provinces and three territories,
Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional
monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.
• It is a bilingual and multicultural country, with both English
and French as official languages at the federal level.
• Technologically advanced and industrialized, Canada
maintains a diversified economy that is heavily reliant upon
its abundant natural resources and upon trade—
particularly with the United States, with which Canada has
had a long and complex relationship.
• It is a member of the G8, NATO, Commonwealth of Nations,
and La Francophonie.
1. National Symbols of Canada
1.1 National Flag of Canada
1.2 Coat of Arms of Canada
• The Royal Coat of Arms of Canada is, since
1921, the official coat of arms of the Canadian
monarch, and thus also of Canada.
• It is closely modelled after the royal coat of
arms of the United Kingdom with distinctive
Canadian elements replacing or added to
those derived from the British.
Shield
• The shield is divided into five
sections.
• The first division at the viewer's
top left contains the three golden
lions.
• The second quarter bears the red
lion rampant of Scotland in a
double tressure border with
fleurs-de-lis.
• The third quarter shows the Irish
harp of Tara.
• The gold fleurs-de-lis of royal
France fill the fourth quarter.
• The fifth charge, a sprig of red
maple leaves at the bottom is a
distinctly Canadian symbol.
Ribbon
• The ribbon is marked
desiderantes meliorem
patriam. It is the motto of
the Order of Canada. This
component was added by
the Queen in 1987 on the
advice of her Prime
Minister.
• Since 1994 the arms used
by government ministers
and institutions have slowly
changed to reflect the new
version with the ribbon.
Helm
• The arms show a royal helmet, which is a
barred helm of gold looking outward, with
mantling of white and red, stylised in the
official version to look like maple leaves.
Crest and crown
• The crest is based on the
Royal Crest of the United
Kingdom but differenced by
the addition of a maple leaf,
and symbolizes the
sovereignty of Canada.
• The crest consists of a
crowned gold lion standing
on a twisted wreath of red
and white silk and holding a
maple leaf in its right paw.
Above the crest is St
Edward's Crown.
Motto
• The motto of Canada is in Latin a mari usque
ad mare (From sea to sea), a part of Psalm
72:8.
• In March 2006, two suggestions for a new
motto are A mari ad mare ad mare (from sea
to sea to sea) and A mari usque ad maria
(from the sea to the other seas).
Supporters
• Supporting the shield on either
side are the English lion and
Scottish unicorn, which are also
the supporters of the UK coat of
arms.
• The English lion stands on the
viewer's left and holds a goldpointed silver lance flying the
Union Flag.
• The Scottish unicorn has a gold
horn, a gold mane, gold hooves,
and around its neck a gold,
chained coronet of crosses and
fleurs-de-lis; it holds a lance flying
the three gold fleurs-de-lis of
royal France on a blue
background.
Compartment
• The entire coat of arms rests on the
compartment, which is made up of the floral
emblems of the founding countries whose royal
arms were incorporated into the design of the
shield. The Tudor rose is the floral badge of
England, combining the White Rose of York and
the Red Rose of Lancaster. The thistle and
shamrock are the symbols of Scotland and
Ireland, respectively, while the fleur-de-lis has
been the royal symbol of France since the 12th
century.
1.3 Canadian National Atheme
English Version
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•
O Canada!
Our home and native land!
True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise,
The True North strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada,
We stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free!
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
啊，加拿大！
我们的祖国，我们的家乡！
您的子女对您充满真爱！
颗颗闪亮的心儿深情凝望，
那一片强大自由的北方！
啊，加拿大！无论身处何地，
我们都保卫您。
上帝使我们的祖国自由辉煌！
啊，加拿大！我们保卫您！
啊，加拿大！我们保卫您！
French Version
•
•
O Canada!
Terre de nos aieux,
Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!
Car ton bras sait porter l'épée,
Il sait porter la croix!
Ton histoire est une epopee
Des plus brillants exploits.
Et ta valeur, de foi trempée,
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits
Protégera nos foyers et nos droits.
啊，加拿大，
我们古老的父母邦，
您头上的花冠闪着美丽光芒。
十字架的圣光照亮四方，
您的儿女在光辉下诞生成长！
我们坚勇顽强，捍卫家乡，
无悔的历史辉煌悠长！
万能的主！我们呼唤，
保卫民权，保卫国邦！
保卫民权，保卫国邦！
2. Geography
and Climate
• By land area it ranks fourth. Since
1925, Canada has claimed the
portion of the Arctic between
60°W and 141°W longitude, but
this claim is not universally
recognized. Canada has the longest
coastline in the world: 243,000
kilometres.
• The population density, 3.5
inhabitants per square kilometre, is
among the lowest in the world. The
most densely populated part of the
country is the Quebec CityWindsor Corridor along the Great
Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in
the southeast.
• To the north of this region is the broad
Canadian Shield. Canada by far has more lakes
than any other country and has a large
amount of the world’s freshwater.
• In eastern Canada, most people live in large
urban centres on the flat Saint Lawrence
Lowlands.
• In northwestern Canada, the Mackenzie River
flows from the Great Slave Lake to the Arctic
Ocean. A tributary of a tributary of the
Mackenzie is the South Nahanni River, which
is home to Virginia Falls, a waterfall about
twice as high as Niagara Falls.
• Average winter and summer high temperatures across
Canada vary depending on the location.
• In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground
almost six months of the year (more in the north).
• Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a
temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.
• On the east and west coast, average high temperatures
are generally in the low 20 °C , while between the
coasts the average summer high temperature ranges
from 25 to 30°C with occasional extreme heat in some
interior locations exceeding 40°C .
• Canada is also geologically active, having many
earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes.
3. Etymology of Canada
• The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence
Iroquoian word, kanata, meaning “village” or
“settlement”.
• In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day
Quebec City region used the word to direct French
explorer Jacques Cartier towards the village of
Stadacona.
• Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to
that particular village, but also the entire area subject
to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545,
European books and maps had begun referring to this
region as Canada.
• From the early 17th century onwards,
that part of New France that lay along
the Saint Lawrence River and the
northern shores of the Great Lakes was
named Canada, an area that was later
split into two British colonies, Upper
Canada and Lower Canada, until their reunification as the Province of Canada in
1841.
• Upon Confederation in 1867, the name
Canada was adopted as the legal name
for the new country, and Dominion was
conferred as the country’s title;
combined, the term Dominion of Canada
was in common usage until the 1950s.
• Thereafter, as Canada asserted its
political autonomy from Britain, the
federal government increasingly used
simply Canada on state documents and
treaties, a change that was reflected in
the renaming of the national holiday
from Dominion Day to Canada Day in
1982.
4. Canadian Demography
• Canada’s 2006 census counted a total population of
31,612,897, an increase of 5.4% since 2001.
• Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser
extent, natural growth.
• About three-quarters of Canada’s population live within
150 kilometres (90?mi) of the United States border.
• A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the
Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Greater Golden
Horseshoe including Toronto and area, Montreal, and
Ottawa), the BC Lower Mainland (consisting of the region
surrounding Vancouver), and the Calgary-Edmonton
Corridor in Alberta.
• In common with many other developed
countries, Canada is experiencing a
demographic shift towards an older
population.
• Support for religious pluralism is an important
part of Canada’s political culture.
• Canadian provinces and territories are
responsible for education.
5. A Brief History of Canada
• First Nation and Inuit traditions maintain that
indigenous people have resided on their lands
since the beginning of time, while archaeological
studies support a human presence in the
northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in
southern Ontario from 9,500 years ago.
• Europeans first arrived when the Vikings settled
briefly at L’Anse aux Meadows around AD 1000.
• French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in
1603 and established the first permanent
European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and
Quebec City in 1608.
• Among French colonists of New France,
Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence
River valley, Acadians settled the present-day
Maritimes, while French fur traders and Catholic
missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson
Bay and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana.
• To avert conflict in Quebec, the Quebec Act of 1774
expanded Quebec’s territory to the Great Lakes and
Ohio Valley and re-established the French language,
Catholic faith, and French civil law in Quebec; it
angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies,
helping to fuel the American Revolution.
• To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec,
the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into
French-speaking Lower Canada and English-speaking
Upper Canada, granting each their own elected
Legislative Assembly.
• The Act of Union 1840 merged The Canadas into a
United Province of Canada. French and English
Canadians worked together in the Assembly to
reinstate French rights.
• Responsible government was established for all
British North American provinces by 1849.
• Canada launched a series of western exploratory
expeditions to claim Rupert’s Land and the Arctic
region. The Canadian population grew rapidly
because of high birth rates.
• Following several constitutional conferences,
the Constitution Act, 1867 brought about
Confederation creating “one Dominion under
the name of Canada” on July 1, 1867, with
four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia,
and New Brunswick.
• Canada automatically entered World War I in 1914 with
Britain’s declaration of war, sending volunteers to the
Western Front who later became part of the Canadian
Corps.
• The Corps played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy
Ridge and other major battles of the war.
• The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative
Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory
military service over the objection of French-speaking
Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations
independently of Britain; in 1931 the Statute of
Westminster affirmed Canada’s independence.
• The Great Depression brought economic
hardship to all of Canada.
• Canada declared war on Germany
independently during World War II under
Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie
King, three days after Britain.
• In 1945, during the war, Canada became one
of the first countries to join the United
Nations.
• This growth, combined with the policies of successive
Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new
Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current
Maple Leaf Flag in 1965, the implementation of official
bilingualism in 1969, and official multiculturalism in 1971.
• Socially democratic programmes were also founded, such
as universal health care, the Canada Pension Plan, and
Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments,
particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as
incursions into their jurisdictions.
• Finally, another series of constitutional conferences
resulted in the patriation of Canada’s constitution from the
United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the
Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
• After various peacekeeping
missions between the 1950s and
1990s, Canada engaged in the NATO
led Afghan War in 2001, though
subsequently refusing to participate
in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
• At home, in 2008, the Prime
Minister apologised for the creation
of residential schools by previous
governments
6. Canadian Government and Politics
• Canada has a parliamentary government with strong democratic
traditions.
• Parliament is made up of the Crown, an elected House of Commons
and an appointed Senate.
• Each Member of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by
simple plurality in an electoral district or riding.
• General elections must be called by the Prime Minister within five
years of the previous election, or may be triggered by the
government losing a confidence vote in the House.
• Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional
basis, are chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by
the Governor General, and serve until age 75.
• Four parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament
in the 2008 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing
party), the Liberal Party of Canada (Official Opposition), the New
Democratic Party (NDP) and the Bloc Québécois.
• Canada’s federalist structure divides
government responsibilities between the
federal government and the ten provinces.
Unicameral provincial legislatures operate
in parliamentary fashion similar to the
House of Commons.
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Canada is also a constitutional
monarchy, with The Crown acting as
a symbolic or ceremonial executive.
The Crown consists of Queen
Elizabeth II (legal head of state) and
her appointed viceroys, the Governor
General (acting head of state) and
provincial Lieutenant-Governors.
The political executive consists of the
Prime Minister (head of government)
and the Cabinet and carries out the
day-to-day decisions of government.
The Cabinet is made up of ministers
usually selected from the House of
Commons and headed by the Prime
Minister.
The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is
one of the most powerful institutions
in government, initiating most
legislation for parliamentary approval
and selecting, besides other Cabinet
members, Senators, federal court
judges, heads of Crown corporations
and government agencies, and the
Governor General.
•
The Crown formally approves
parliamentary legislation and the
Prime Minister’s appointments. The
leader of the party with the second
most seats usually becomes the
Leader of the Opposition and is part
of an adversarial parliamentary
system that keeps the government in
check.
7. Law and Court System of Canada
• The Constitution is the supreme law of the
country, and consists of written text and
unwritten conventions.
• Canada’s judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and
has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution.
• The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter
and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice Beverley
McLachlin, P.C.
• Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law
predominates.
• Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform
throughout Canada.
• Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial
responsibility, but in rural areas of all provinces except Ontario and
Quebec, policing is contracted to the federal Royal Canadian
Mounted Police.
8. Provinces and Territories
• Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and
three territories.
• Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three
Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba).
• Central Canada consists of Quebec and Ontario.
• Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces
(New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia),
along with Newfoundland and Labrador. Eastern Canada
refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together.
• Three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and
Nunavut) make up Northern Canada. Provinces have more
autonomy than territories. Each has its own provincial or
territorial symbols.
9. Canadian Economy
• Canada is one of the world’s
wealthiest nations, with a high percapita income, and is a member of
the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
and the G8.
• It is one of the world’s top 10 trading
nations.
• Canada is a mixed market. Since the
early 1990s, the Canadian economy
has been growing rapidly with low
unemployment and large
government surpluses on the federal
level.
• Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its
market-oriented economic system, pattern of
production, and high living standards.
• As with other first world nations, the Canadian
economy is dominated by the service industry,
which employs about three quarters of
Canadians.
• However, Canada is unusual among developed
countries in the importance of the primary sector,
with the logging and oil industries being two of
Canada’s most important.
• Canada is one of the few developed nations that
are net exporters of energy.
• Canada is one of the world’s most important
suppliers of agricultural products.
• Canada is the world’s largest producer of zinc and
uranium and a world leader in many other
natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminium,
and lead; many towns in the northern part of the
country, where agriculture is difficult, exist
because of a nearby mine or source of timber.
10. Foreign Relations and Military
• Canada has nevertheless
maintained an independent
foreign policy.
• Canada also maintains historic
ties to the United Kingdom
and France and to other
former British and French
colonies through Canada’s
membership in the
Commonwealth of Nations
and La Francophonie (FrenchSpeaking Countries).
• Canada is noted for having a
strong and positive
relationship with the
Netherlands.
• Canada currently employs a professional,
volunteer military force of about 64,000 regular
and 26,000 reserve personnel.
• The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the
army, navy, and air force. Major CF equipment
deployed includes 1,400 armoured fighting
vehicles, 34 combat vessels, and 861 aircraft.
• Canada has been an
advocate for
multilateralism, making
efforts to resolve global
issues in collaboration
with other nations.
• Canada joined the
United Nations in 1945
and became a founding
member of NATO in
1949.
• Canada has played a leading role in UN
peacekeeping efforts.
• Since 2001, Canada has had troops deployed in Afghanistan
as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UNauthorized, NATO-commanded International Security
Assistance F
• In February 2007, Canada, Italy, Britain, Norway, and Russia
announced their funding commitments to launch a $1.5
billion project to help develop vaccines they said could save
millions of lives in poor nations, and called on others to join
them.
• In August 2007, Canadian sovereignty in Arctic waters was
challenged following a Russian expedition that planted a
Russian flag at the seabed at the North Pole. Canada has
considered that area to be sovereign territory since
1925.orce.
11. Canadian Culture
• Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically
diverse country.
• Canadian culture has also been greatly
influenced by immigration from all over the
world.
• Many Canadians value multiculturalism and
see Canadian culture as being inherently
multicultural.
• National symbols are influenced by natural,
historical, and First Nations sources.
• Canada’s official national sports are ice hockey
in the winter and lacrosse in the summer.
• Canada hosted several high-profile
international sporting events, including the
1976 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Winter
Olympics, and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Canada will be the host country for the 2010
Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler,
British Columbia.
12. Languages in Canada
• Canada’s two official languages are English
and French.
• Non-official languages are important in
Canada, with over five million people listing
one as a first language. Some significant nonofficial first languages include Chinese
(853,745 first-language speakers), Italian
(469,485), German (438,080), and Punjabi
(271,220)..
13. Questions for Discussion
• 1. Please talk about the symbols that may remind
you of Canada.
• 2. Please give a brief talk about Canadian
geographic location and its geographic features.
• 3. Please talk about the demographic diversity of
Canadian people.
• 4. Please talk about the political system of
Canada.
• 5. Please talk about languages used in the
country.