Transcript What are the barriers to community involvement in mitigation

SYMPOSIUM CRISIS AND DISASTERS PSYCHOLOGY EFPA:
HIGH RISK POPULATIONS IN DISASTERS AND COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
21 MARCH 2014 PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC
ROLE AND FACILITATION
OF COMMUNITY
RESILIENCE IN DISASTERS
Prof. A. Nuray KARANCI
Middle East Technical University
Department of Psychology
Ankara, Turkey
[email protected]
Disaster
an unforeseen and often
sudden event that causes
great damage, destruction
and human suffering
• overwhelms local capacity
• necessitates a request to
a national or international
level for external
assistance
(CRED, 2009)
•
Resilience
• Resilience is
“the ability of a system, community or society exposed to
hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to, and recover from
the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner,
including through the preservation and restoration of its
essential basic structures and functions”
(UNISDR, 2009)
Community Resilience
• An attribute of the community, a process, an
outcome
• Increasing the ability of communities to adapt
after a disaster is accepted as an important
need by disaster experts and institutes around
the globe
(UNISDR, Chengdu Declaration for Action ,2011; Djalante &
Thomalla, 2011)
Disaster Management Cycle
Reference: Wood, L. J., Boruff, B. J., & Smith, H. M. (2013). When disaster strikes…How communities cope and adapt: A social capital perspective. In:
Social Capital: Theory, Measurement and Outcomes. Nova Publishers: New York.
Characteristics of Resilience
http://www.resilientus.org/recognizing-resilient-communities/ Plodinec,J
Characteristics of a Resilient Community
A safe and resilient community
1. Knowledgeable and healthy. It has the ability to assess, manage
and monitor its risks. It can learn new skills and build on past experiences.
2. Organised. It has the capacity to identify problems, establish priorities
and act.
3.Connected. It has relationships with external actors who provide a wider
supportive environment, and supply goods and services when needed.
4.Infrastructure and services. It has strong housing, transport,
power, water and sanitation systems. It has the ability to maintain, repair and
renovate them.
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5. Economic opportunities. It has a diverse range of
employment opportunities,
income and financial services.
6. Manage its natural assets. It recognises their value
and has the ability to protect, enhance and maintain them.
(ARUP International Development , September 2011)
Understanding Community Resilience:
The emBRACE Project
http://www.embrace-eu.org/
emBRACE - Building Resilience Amongst Communities in
Europe (FP7 Collaborative project ; 4 years)
• Start Date: 1 October 2011
• Consortium: 10 partners from 6 countries (Germany,
Belgium, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey)
• Project Web Site: www.embrace-eu.org
• Case studies in Europe (floods, heat waves, earthquakes,
and Alpine hazards)
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Van Earthquake, TURKEY
http://www.embrace-eu.org/
• Aim: Identification of community resilience indicators
 Focus Groups
- 18 stakeholders in 4 groups
- Governorate and provincial directorates, AFAD, local authorities,
NGOs
 Participatory Workshop
- 19 stakeholders
 In-depth Interviews
- 20 survivors
- Different occupational groups, members of vulnerable groups,
survivors with different levels of disaster exposure
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Q: Which characteristics of the community that you live in helped you to overcome problems following the earthquakes?
Community Characteristics Associated with Resilience
Environmental
geographical aspects
(having open fields)
low population density
Previous Hardships
Characteristics
of Van
4%
Faced by the
Community
4%
Attachment to
Social Solidarity
32%
Characteristics
of
Citizens
52%
Consolation
from others
National
Integrity
9%
Family
Bonding
14%
Place (Van)
6%
Peace
2%
(It's God-given)
religious
merciful
Being content with little
hospitable
warm
helpful
grateful
…
5%
Religious
Solidarity
9%
Cooperation &
Mutual
Support
18%
Neighborhood
Relations
45%
Indicators of Community Resilience
http://www.embrace-eu.org/
Human
Physical
Social
Political
Natural
Financial
Awareness of EQ
risk/ EQ education
EQ-resistant
buildings
Social solidarity
(between tribes,
relatives, etc.)
Socio-politic context:
peace and equality
Climate
conditions
Economic
resources
Psychological
health
Transportation
facilities(airport,
urban roads, etc.)
Earthquake
preparedness
Effectiveness of
post-disaster
aid and services
Investments/
Credit facilities
Perceived
psychological
support
Appropriate
city plans
Being a civic society
(e.g., NGOs)
Effective disaster
management system
(long-term planning)
Tourism
potential
Fatalism
Content society
Provision of permanent
housing
Job opportunities/
Employment
Optimism
Moral and cultural
traditional values
Collaboration between
institutions
Religious faith
Society of
mutual trust
Healthy information
dissemination
Physical
resistance/strength
Society resistant to
hardships
Education /
Knowledge skills
Sustainable
Livelihoods
Approach
(DFID, 1999)
Post-disaster Activities That Could
Have Facilitated Resilience
Q:
What could have been done after the earthquake so that it would have been easier to cope
with earthquake-related adversity?
Security
Hygiene needs
Closer schools for children
A better image of Van in media
People considering each other,
sharing
Psychological support
Cooperation
Citizens staying calmer
Kurdish-speaking volunteers
Job opportunities
Economic investment in Van
Rent decrease
Improving
Physical
Conditions
5%
Preparedness &
Prevention
4%
Damage
Assessment after
the First EQ
1%
Nothing
(It's God-given)
1%
Social-based
Activities
8%
Economy-based
Activities
11%
Support from the
State
34%
Temporary housing
Permanent housing – TOKİ
Financial aid
Credits
Taxes
Aid
36%
Fair distribution
Persistence
What makes people get prepared?
Hazard Preparedness Model
(Paton et al., 2009)
Negative
outcome
expectancy
Community
participation
Empowerment
Positive
outcome
expectancy
Collective
efficacy
Trust
Intention
to seek
info
Intention
to
prepare
Future efforts must address factors at three levels:
1. Individual level
Develop people’s awareness and problem-solving skills (action coping)
Their belief in the benefits of hazard mitigation (outcome expectancy)
Their belief that they can do something (self efficacy)
Reduce hindering factors (fatalism, denial, externalised responsibility)
Future efforts must address factors at three levels:
2. Community level
Encourage active involvement in community affairs (community
participation and networking, NGO’s)
Develop community ability to resolve collective issues (articulating
problems)
3. Institutional level
Develop an individual’s ability to influence what happens in their
community (empowerment)
Improve the level of trust they have in organisations (trust)
Role of Psycho-social support
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Planning for psycho-social support
Needs assessment
Vulnerable groups
İnformation-resources
Psychological first aid , psycho-education
Instituting normalcy
Based on the Models: To Modify individual and
Conclusions
community
attitudes to P/M
• It is critical to address and facilitate community
resilience in disaster risk management.
• Increasing community participation/ownership,
networks, preparedness and mitigation
facilitates community resilience.
• Resilience building involves sustainable multiple
measures and institutionscollaboration/coordination
• Effective psycho-social support is an integral part
Thank you for listening.
Questions and comments?
Prof. Dr. A. Nuray Karancı
Middle East Technical University
Department of Psychology
Ankara, Turkey
[email protected]