Transcript ANATOMY GIANT REVIEW PACKET Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy

ANATOMY GIANT
REVIEW PACKET
Unit 1: Intro to
Anatomy & Physiology
(1) What is anatomy?
The study of human parts
and their locations.
(2) What is physiology?
Physiology is the study of
how body parts work, both
individually and together.
(3) List the levels of living organization
in order, beginning on the left with the
most macroscopic level:
Organism, Organ System, Organ, Tissue, Cell, Chemical
(4) List the levels of living organization
in order, beginning on the left with the
most microscopic level:
Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
(5) What is the function of the
nervous system?
• Controls the body
• Responds to internal +
external changes (or stimuli)
• Stimulates muscles + glands
(6) Which organs are included in the
nervous system?
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
(7) What is the function of the
cardiovascular system?
• Pump blood (heart)
• Circulate oxygen + nutrients to
tissues
• Remove carbon dioxide +
wastes from tissues
(8) Which organs are included in the
cardiovascular system?
• Heart
• Blood
• Blood vessels
(9) What is the function of the
respiratory system?
• Take in oxygen
• Expel carbon dioxide
• Circulate gas
w/cardiovascular system
(10) Which organs are included in the
respiratory system?
• Lungs
• Nasal cavity
• Trachea
• Larynx, pharynx
• Bronchi
• Diaphragm
(11) What is the function of the
skeletal system?
• Support body
• Allow for movement by working
w/muscles
• Produce blood cells
• Store minerals
• Protect organs
(12) Which organs are included in the
skeletal system?
• Bones
• Joints
• Cartilage
(13) What is the function of the
muscular system?
• Overall body mobility
• Produce heat
• Allows for response to
stimuli
• Facial expression
(14) Which organs are included in the
muscular system?
• Muscle…
• Smooth muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle
(15) What is the function of the
endocrine system?
• Produce hormones
• Stimulate growth +
development
• Stimulate reproduction
(16) Which organs are included in the
endocrine system?
• Glands
(17) What is the function of the
digestive system?
• Metabolize food stuff
• Absorb useful nutrients
from food + drop in blood
• Get rid of food-waste
(18) Which organs are included in the
digestive system?
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small + large intestine
• Rectum + anus
(19) What is the function of the
excretory system?
• Filter blood
• Re-circulate useful
nutrients
• Remove excess water,
nitrogenous waste + solute
(20) Which organs are included in the
excretory system?
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
(21) What is the function of your
lymphatic system?
• Collect leaked fluid from blood
• Return useful compounds back
to blood
• Get rid of harmful cells/waste
in blood
• Immunity
(22) Which organs are included in the
lymphatic system?
• Thoracic duct
• Lymph vessels
• Lymph nodes
• White blood cells 
(23) What is the function of you
reproductive system?
• Make more offspring /
babies.
(24) How do the cardiovascular +
respiratory systems work together?
• Respiratory takes in Oxygen 
• Which the cardiovascular
circulates to tissues in need….
• Cardiovascular transports carbon
dioxide to lungs 
• Which the respiratory expels….
(25) What is matter?
• Anything with mass and
volume.
(26) What is energy?
• The ability to do work.
(27) Do atoms become more or less
stable when they bond?
• MORE STABLE
• Share or Steal/Lose valence
electrons so that they
achieve 8 (or mult. Of 8) in
their outermost shell!
(28) Bonds form between which types
of electrons?
• Valence
(29) What is a covalent bond?
• A bond in which atoms
SHARE valence electrons.
(30) What is an ionic bond?
• A bond in which atoms
steal/lose valence
electrons with another
atom.
(31) What is a hydrolysis reaction?
• Water is added to larger
polymer
• Large molecule splits into
smaller chunks
• 1-chunk takes an OH
• 1-chunk takes an H
(32) What is a dehydration reaction?
• Water is removed from smaller
monomers
• Forms larger polymer
• 1-OH removed from a chunk
• 1-H removed from a chunk
• 2 unstable chunks must bond
together!
(33) Why are CHONPS biological
elements?
• Because they are found in
all living things.
(34) What are the functions of
carbohydrates?
• Short term energy
(35) What are the functions of
protein?
• Catalyze reactions
• Cell structure
• Expression of DNA
(36) What are the functions of lipids?
• Chemical messaging
• Cell Membranes
• Long Term Energy Storage
(37) What are the functions of nucleic
acids?
• Store genetic information
• Store genetic code
(38) What is a eukaryotic cell?
• A cell WITH a nucleus
(39) What is a prokaryotic cell?
• A cell WITHOUT a nucleus.
(40) What is the monomer of a
carbohydrate?
• Monosaccharide
(41) What is the monomer of a
protein?
• Amino acid
(42) What is the monomer of a lipid?
• Fatty Acid & Glycerol
(43) What is the monomer of a nucleic
acid?
• Nucleotide
–Phosphate
–Sugar
–Nitrogenous base
(44) Give some examples of a protein:
• Enzymes
• Protein channels in
membranes
• Meat, beans, nuts
(45) Give some examples of carbs:
• Glucose, Fructose, Starch
(46) Give some examples of nucleic
acids:
• DNA
• RNA
(47) Give some examples of lipids:
• Fats & Oils
• Phospholipids
• Hormones + steroids
(48) Is an organism a molecule?
• NO
(49) What is a monomer?
• Basic unit / building block
for larger molecules.
(50) What is a polymer?
• A larger molecule
composed of repeating
monomers.
(51) What is ATP?
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Energy storing molecule
(52) How can your body release
stored energy from ATP?
• Remove a phosphate
(53) How can your body store energy
in ATP?
• Add a phosphate
(54) Is bond formation endothermic
or exothermic? Why?
• Endothermic
• Takes energy to form
• Energy goes INTO bond & is
stored
(55) Is bond breaking endothermic or
exothermic?
• Exothermic
• Releasing stored energy
(56) What does endothermic mean?
• Heat Energy goes Into
(57) What does exothermic mean?
• Heat Energy Exits (Leaves)
(58) What is kinetic energy?
• Energy of motion
• Energy being used right
now
(59) What is potential energy?
• Stored Energy
(60) What is the most basic unit of
life?
• Cell
(61) What is the most basic unit of
matter?
• Atom
(62) Which 2 organelles work together
to produce polypeptides?
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Ribosomes
(63) What do lysosomes do?
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Digest cellular waste
(64) Write the equation for cellular
respiration:
65) What are the reactants for cellular
respiration?
• Glucose
• Oxygen
(66) What are the products for cellular
respiration?
• Water
• Carbon dioxide
• ATP
(67) Which organelle “does”
respiration?
• Mitochondria
(68) Is there any special molecule
produced during cellular resp?
• ATP
(69) What is osmosis?
• The movement of water
particles from high to low
concentration, across a
semi-permeable
membrane, until
equilibrium is reached.
(70) What is diffusion?
• The movement of particles
from high to low
concentration, across a
concentration gradient,
until equilibrium is
reached.
(71) What is a concentration gradient?
• Difference in concentration
(72) What is equilibrium?
• Balance
• Same
(73) If your cells are surrounded by
solute, what would happen?
• Water from inside the cell
will rush out
• Cell will shrivel up
(74) IF your cells had more water on
the outside than inside, what would
happen?
• Water would rush into the
cell
• The cell would expand +
burst
(75) What does your cell membrane
do?
• Controls all traffic in + out
of cell
(76) Draw a cell membrane with
phospholipids + protein channels:
(77) Draw a phospholipid + label:
(78) What is active transport?
• The movement of particles
against a concentration
gradient, with the use of
energy (ATP).
(79) Why would a molecule need ATP
to move across a membrane?
• Too big
• Cell already has an
abundance of the molecule
(so it’s going against the
gradient)
(80) What would you expect to find
with a hypertonic cell?
(81) What would you expect to find
with a hypotonic cell?
(82) What would you expect to find
with an isotonic cell?
(83) What could cause your cells to be
hypertonic?
• Cells have more water inside,
than outside
• Cells are surrounded by solute
• You ate lots of sugar / salt /
carbs
(84) What could cause your cells to be
hypotonic?
• Cells have more water on
outside, or less on inside
• More solute inside the cell
• You have eaten little, and
drank lots of water
(85) What is homeostasis?
• Internal balance / stability
(85) –The second one—Which organ
was underneath the ribs+ lungs?
• HEART
(86) Which organ was like a long rope
along the abdomen?
• Intestine
(87) Which organs were laying on top
of the heart?
• Lungs
(88) Why did you have to be careful
with your first incision?
• You didn’t want to slice
through all of the organs!
(89) Where did you find the kidneys?
• Along spine
• Under digestive system
(90) Which organ was large, redbrown + underneath the lungs and
diaphragm?
• LIVER
(91) Why do you shiver when you are
cold?
• Homeostatic response
• Shivering = muscle
contractions = heat
• Imbalance to body
temperature  body
restabilizes
(92) How does your body regulate
blood pH?
• Bicarbonate System…
• Carbon Dioxide = Increase in Acidity =
Decrease in pH
• Too Acidic?  Take Carbon Dioxide + Bind
Hydrogen Ions  Carbonic Acid & Bicarbonate
• Too Basic?  Take Carbonic Acid & Rip off
Hydrogens