Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Villaggio Globale

Coherence 2006
Il ciclo e la chimica-fisica dell’acqua:
Venerdì 21 aprile 2006 ore 14.00-19.30
Aula La Ginestra Dipartimento di Chimica
Università di Roma “La Sapienza”
Piazzale Aldo Moro 1 Roma
20/07/2015
Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
1
Saluto con riconoscenza i presenti ed in modo particolare i Colleghi di Chimica dell’Università
di Roma “La Sapienza” che ospitano questo Convegno di Coherence2006
I primi anni della mia CARRIERA UNIVERSITARIA ho pubblicato con loro (….primo tra i
Farmacologi italiani….) i primi lavori sui FREONS (HALOCARBONS)…quei gas che
producono il buco d’Ozono e tanti problemi meteorologici attuali
Ecco i lavori fatti insieme…!
CARDIOTOSSICITA’ DEI FREONS
(HALOCARBONS):
13) Cardiotossicità del diclorodifluoroetano.
(G.L.Pantaleoni, L.Zoccolillo, A.P.Magrì) Rassegna Medicina
Sperimentale, 22 (1975) 1-9.
17) La tossicità degli idrocarburi alifatici alogenati contenenti fluoro. (G.Pantaleoni,
L.Zoccolillo) Ann.Ist.Super.Sanità, 13 (1977) 343-352.
39) Halocarbons in Antarctic
Surface Water.(L. Zoccolillo, M.
Rellori) International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 55 (1994) 27-32
40) Halocarbons in Antarctic surface waters and snow. (L. Zoccolillo,
L. Amendola, G.A. Tarallo) International Journal of Enviromental Analytical Chemistry,
63 (1996) 91-98
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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ECCO IL BUCO D’OZONO OGGI….SUL POLO SUD
« Back to article
Ozone hole over
the South Pole
during 25 September
2003 monitored by
MIPAS. Ozone
'thickness' is measured
in Dobson Units.
Credits: BIRA-IASB
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Giancarlo Pantaleoni, Umberto Grieco, Bruno Brandimarte, Antonio Pacilè,:
Moderne acquisizioni di biochimicofisica sulle
funzioni dell’acqua nelle cellule e negli interstizi
cellulari
(in rapporto alle acque alimentari farmacologicamente testate e tutelate tossicologicamente)
(esposizione del progetto presentato all’Unione Europea come Sistema Integrato per Il
Controllo Strategico delle Acque (Sicsa) e del progetto di collaborazione Italo-Greca per il
Termalismo.
1° FUNZIONE
Sono passate le ere ma ancora oggi le piante utilizzano la Fotosintesi nella
sua incredibilmente semplice “miracolosa” equazione :
…acqua
+ anidride carbonica > glucosio + ossigeno
1) - per produrre cibo per sé e per tutta la piramide alimentare che su di esse
poggia,
2) - per approvvigionare d'ossigeno l'atmosfera.
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Tutti i Regni della Natura quindi tutte le Scienze sono interconnesse !
La Pianta Simbolica
L’uomo Simbolico di Vitruvio
These five letters are used to represent the different
classes of a simple simbolic plant:
B - fruits,
F - flowers,
I - internodes,
L - leafs, and
T - tubers
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Gli Atomi della Vita
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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La VITA UMANA è partita da:
I MITOCONDRI = AMICI
PROCARIOTI
COLLABORANTI !!!
Las células procariontes no poseen un núcleo celular delimitado por
una membrana.
Los organismos procariontes son las células más simples que se conocen.
En este grupo se incluyen las algas azul-verdosas y las bacterias.
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Comportamenti
Cellulari: di Procarioti
ed Eucarioti
1. Taxis
2. Difesa Attiva
3. Difesa Passiva
4. Collaborazione
La Collaborazione
ha unito due Procarioti
“tolleranti” ed ha
creato un nuovo
organismo Cellulare
senza il quale le Piante e
noi non esisteremmo
!!!….
La Cellula
EUCARIOTA
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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…altre Definizioni
VITA
1
2
Tutte le Cellule sono un
IDROGEL
Tutte le Cellule sono una
EVOLUZIONE
ENERGETICA
1°
2°
3°
ESSERE
UMANO
un Assemblaggio cellulare
eucariotico
è ENERGIA che prende
coscienza di se stessa (chimica,
fisica) e del mondo che lo circonda
( biologia, astrofisica, etc..etc.. )
L’essere umano è coordinato da
TRE CERVELLI (RettilianoIpotalamico-Neocorticale)
La Scienza dice :
1
2
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La VITA proviene dal BIG BANG
la Vita è COLLABORAZIONE
Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
…da confermare..
confermato !
11
LA COLLABORAZIONE
È già presente nel PSEUDO-CAOS del BIG BANG
e quindi Inserita a livello
MOLECOLARE
GENETICO
L’ESSERE UMANO
con difficoltà
ne prende coscienza
SCIENTIFICAMENTE con la
NEOCORTEX (III° CERVELLO)
LE CELLULE lo fanno automaticamente
VITTORIO ERSPAMER lo ha scoperto nel suo TRIANGOLO PEPTIDICO
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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THE PEPTIDE TRIANGLE di Vittorio Erspamer
Farmacologo a ROMA“La Sapienza”
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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BRAIN
GUT
SKIN
Mammalian
Mammalian
Amphibian
PEPTIDES
Substance P
Substance P
Tachykinins
CCK
CCK
Caeruleins
Bradykinins
Bradykinins
Bradykinins
Gastrin
Gastrin (7)
Neurotensin
Neurotensin
Xenopsin
Enkephalins & endorphins
Dermorphin-like peptides
Enkephalins & endorphins
Dermorphins
TRH
TRH
TRH
Somatostatin
Somatostatin
?
Bombesin-like peptides
Bombesin-like peptides
Bombesin
VIP
VIP
VIP
Angiotensin I & II?
Angiotensin I & II
Crinia angiotensin II
Corticotropin-releasing factor
Sauvagine-like peptides
Urotensin-like peptides
Corticotropin-releasing factor
Sauvagine-like peptides
Urotensin-like peptides
Sauvagines
?
?
Tryptophyllins
BIOGENIC AMINES
Indolealkylamines
Indolealkylamines
Indolealkylamines
Imidazolealkylamines
Imidazolealkylamines
Imidazolealkylamines
Catecolamines
Catecolamines
Catecolamines
References
"Structure of sauvagine, a vasoactive peptide from the skin of a frog" by Montecucchi, P.C., Henschen, A. and Erspamer, V. (1981) in: "Structure and Activity of Natural Peptides" (Voelter, W. and Weitzel,G. eds.) De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 225 236
"The brain-gut-skin triangle: new peptides" by Erspamer V, Melchiorri P, Broccardo M, Erspamer GF, Falaschi P, Improta G, Negri L, Renda T. (1981) in: Peptides 2 , Suppl. 2 , 7 - 16
"The Tachykinin Peptide Family" by Cinzia Severini, Giovanna Improta, Giuliana Falconieri-Erspamer, Severo Salvadori, and Vittorio Erspamer in Pharmacol Rev 54:285-322, 2002, Review - This paper is available online at
http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org
"Making Magic" by Peter Gorman at: http://diseyes.lycaeum.org/fresh/nunu.htm
"AmphibiaWeb" at: http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/aw/
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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VITTORIO ERSPAMER è lo scienziato che più di tutti
ha scoperto con il suo TRIANGOLO PEPTIDICO
LA COLLABORAZIONE TRA
CELLULE EUCARIOTE
Il PRODOTTO INTRACELLULARE
della COLLABORAZIONE
È riversato nei Liquidi Interstiziali di ogni apparato
ed organo
Lo studio dei LIQUIDI INTERSTIZIALI è stato affrontato da
URBAN UNGHERSTEDT che ha messo a punto la MICRODIALISI
I LAVORI IN QUESTO SETTORE PROCEDONO..purtroppo… CON
MOLTA DIFFICOLTÀ PER MANCANZA DI Fondi…!!!
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Lo studio del LIQUIDI INTERSTIZIALI
CON IL METODO DELLA MICRODIALISI DI URBAN UNGHERTEDT PROCEDE A RILENTO PER MANCANZA DI SOLDI (=
FONDI)
POTREBBE RISOLVERE PROBLEMI DI BASE
SULLA
COLLABORAZIONE
TRA CELLULE-APPARATI-ORGANI
IN OGNI “PATOLOGIA”
E quindi indirizzare meglio
ogni TERAPIA !!!
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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PER ORA SAPPIAMO CHE:
nell’ACQUA INTRACELLULARE
1. Sono riversati i prodotti cellulari di ogni apparato ed organo.
2. Dall’ acqua intracellulare passano poi nell’ acqua extracellulare (= spazi
interstiziali)
3. Dagli spazi interstiziali si rovesciano nel torrente circolatorio e vengono diffusi alle
cellule di ogni apparato ed organo che collaborano tutte tra loro per
superare ogni emergenza.
Debbono essere studiate:
1) Le funzioni dell’Acqua intracellulare ed extracellulare.
2) Come, dove e perchè vengono trasportati i “Prodotti Cellulari “ scoperti da
VITTORIO ERSPAMER, e da altri RICERCATORI… prima e dopo di lui.
Oggi si conosce quanto segue:
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A)
Come l’acqua penetra nelle cellule
Funzioni dell’Acqua intracellulare
Functions
Water serves as:
1. a solvent for nutrients and delivers nutrients to cells, while it also
2. helps the body eliminate waste products from the cells.
3. Both the spaces between cells (intercellular spaces) and the spaces inside
cells (intracellular spaces) are filled with water.
4. Water lubricates joints and
5. acts as shock absorbers inside the eyes and spinal cord.
6. Amniotic fluid, which is largely water, protects the fetus from bumps
and knocks.
7. Water also helps the body maintain a constant temperature by acting as
a thermostat. When a person is too hot, whether from being in a hot
environment or from intense physical activity, the body sweats. When
sweat evaporates, it lowers the body temperature and restores
homeostasis.
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Water Balance
Water balance refers to the balance between the amount of water consumed and
the amount of water excreted. The body's water content needs to be constant for
optimal functioning.
Cells are bathed in interstitial fluids (fluids from between cells) that contain
nutrients. These fluids also carry metabolic wastes away from the cells.
Intracellular fluids facilitate chemical reactions inside the cells, and they help
maintain cell structure by adhering to the cell's larger molecules, such as proteins
and glycogen. Body fluids contain solutes (chemical compounds that are soluble in
water), which separate into charged particles, or ions, when dissolved in water.
Intracellular fluids are high in potassium and phosphate ions, while interstitial
fluids are high in sodium and chloride ions. These ions help to maintain the
amount of fluids both within and outside the cells. Water molecules follow the solutes
moving across cell membranes from a lower to higher solute concentration to
maintain homeostasis.
Water facilitates a number of critical body functions, from lubricating joints to
carrying away cellular waste. Physical activity speeds fluid loss via perspiration.
Athletes who do not drink enough water can easily become dehydrated, which can
impair physical and mental functioning. Here, soccer star David Beckham drinks from
a water bottle during a practice session.
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Water Intake Regulation
When the body has lost a lot of water, the concentration of solutes in the blood
becomes too high. The solutes attract water from the salivary glands, making
the mouth dry and causing a person to feel thirsty. The sense of thirst is a craving
for water or other fluids. When water loss is slow, a person may have time to feel
thirsty enough to replenish the water loss. In cases where the water loss is
excessive and acute, however, and replenishment is not adequate, a state of
dehydration can occur. Dehydration is a state in which the body has lost so much
water that normal physiologic functions cannot take place, resulting in symptoms
such as fainting(= svenimento) and nausea.
Heat, intense physical activity (profuse sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, and excessive
urination can all cause excessive fluid loss. A runner can sweat off six cups of fluid
in an hour. Mild dehydration occurs with a loss of 5 percent or less of a person's
bodily fluids, moderate dehydration is a loss of 5 to 10 percent of a person's bodily
fluids, and severe dehydration is a loss of 10 to 15 percent of fluids. Severe
dehydration can cause death. Some clinical signs of dehydration include dry skin,
less frequent urination, fatigue, light-headedness, dark-colored urine, dry mouth,
and lack of skin elasticity. Often, increased fluid intake and replacement of lost
electrolytes are sufficient oral rehydration therapy for mild dehydration. However,
the cause of dehydration has to be addressed for further improvement. In cases of
severe dehydration, it may be necessary to hospitalize the person and restore fluid
balance through intravenous fluid replacement.
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Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Water Excretion Regulation
The brain and kidneys regulate the amount of water excreted by the body. When the
blood volume is low, the concentration of solutes in the blood is high. The brain responds
to this situation by stimulating the pituitary gland to release an antidiuretic hormone
(ADH), which signals the kidneys to reabsorb and recirculate water. When the
individual needs more water, the kidneys will excrete less and even reabsorb some.
When excessive fluid loss occurs, the blood volume will fall, as will blood pressure. The
kidneys respond by secreting an enzyme called rennin. Rennin activates the blood protein
angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin, which causes the blood vessels to constrict
and blood pressure to rise. Angiotensin also activates the adrenal glands to release a
hormone called aldosterone. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water.
When the body needs water, less is excreted and more is retained.
Water Intoxication
Water intoxication occurs when there is too much fluid in the body. Excess fluid may collect
in bodily tissue, particularly in the feet and legs, a condition called edema. Excess
consumption of fluids, as well as kidney disorders that reduce urine output, may
contribute to water intoxication. The symptoms of water intoxication are confusion,
convulsions, and, in extreme cases, death.
DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; NUTRIENTS; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY.
from Kweethai C. Neill
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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B)
Funzioni dell’acqua intracellulare ed extracellulare
Recenti acquisizioni sulla regolazione dell’Acqua intracellulare
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry for 2003 "for discoveries concerning channels in cell
membranes", with one half of the prize to
1.
2.
Peter Agre "for the discovery of water channels" and
one half of the prize to Roderick MacKinnon "for structural
and mechanistic studies of ion channels".
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Salt and water are important actors in the chemistry of life.
Life on earth, and our own lives, originated in salt water – in the
oceans and in the womb (= grembo materno).
Yet only fairly recently have we understood how
water
molecules and salt ions are transported in and out
through the cell walls.
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Peter Agre
Roderick MacKinnon
Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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The Art of Water Transport in Aquaporins
Aquaporins are membrane water channels that play critical roles in
controlling the water contents of cells. These channels are widely
distributed in all kingdoms of life, including bacteria,
plants, and
mammals.
More than ten different aquaporins have been found in human body,
and several diseases, such as congenital cataracts and nephrogenic
diabetes insipidus, are connected to the impaired function of these
channels.
They form tetramers in the cell membrane, and facilitate the transport of
water and, in some cases, other small solutes across the membrane.
However, the water pores are completely impermeable to charged
species, such as protons, a remarkable property that is critical for the
conservation of membrane's electrochemical potential, but paradoxical
at the same time, since protons can usually be transfered readily through
water molecules.
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Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Major Sites of Expression
Comments to the Functions
Eye: lens fiber cells
Fluid balance within the lens
Red blood cells
Osmotic protection
Kidney: proximal tubule
Concentration of urine
Eye: ciliary epithelium
Production of aqueous humor
Brain: choriod plexus
Production of cerebrospinal fluid
Lung: alveolar epithelial cells
Alveolar hydration state
Kidney: collecting ducts
Mediates antidiuretic hormone activity
Kidney: collecting ducts
Reabsorbtion of water into blood
Trachea: epithelial cells
Secretion of water into trachea
Kidney: collecting ducts
Reabsorbtion of water
Brain: ependymal cells
CSF fluid balance
Brain: hypothalamus
Osmosensing function?
Lung: bronchial epithelium
Bronchial fluid secretion
Salivary glands
Production of saliva
Lacrimal glands
Production of tears
Aquaporin-6
Kidney
Very low water permeability; function?
Aquaporin-7 *
Testis and sperm
Aquaporin-8
Testis, pancreas, liver, others
Aquaporin-9 *
Leukocytes
Aquaporin-0
Aquaporin-1
Aquaporin-2
Aquaporin-3 *
Aquaporin-4
Aquaporin-5
* an aquaglyceroporin
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Conclusioni
Attendiamo fondi per:
1
Studiare ed approfondire a livello Microdialitico:
La Collaborazione peptidica e neuroumorale tra cellule-apparati
ed organi (ne sono già state scoperte alcune: fattore natriuretico, ormoni,
neuromediatori, ecc.ecc.)
2
3
Produrre tecnologie e Metodi per
monitorare e Controllare
l’inquinamento delle acque alimentari e d’irrigazione ( abbiamo
presentato qui un Metodo illustrato dall’ ING. Antonio PACILÈ e
presentato per i Fondi EUROPEI)
Scoprire e Classificare Farmacotossicologicamente
ogni sostanza naturale Vegetale ed animale per una Banca dati
internazionale.
Noi abbiamo messo a punto un Metodo di base che produce
il risparmio per la sperimentazione del 90% degli animali di Laboratorio e
di sostanze da testare.
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Grazie per l’attenzione! Attendiamo Fondi = MONETE
per la Ricerca Scientifica!..a proposito…una scoperta curiosa!!!
180 avanti Cristo I° Moneta
conosciuta in NICKEL-RAME
di King Pantaleon ”the
Savior”.
Moneta Europea in NickelRame
Valore= 1936,27 Lire Italiane
Classe 1936
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Questa
conferenza è
riportata nel
mio sito:
www.fasam.it
Fasam =
farmaci-saluteambiente
Eccoci qui… tutti insieme!!!... Quanta acqua…!!!
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Ulteriori approfondimenti in Internet per gli studenti:
Water Structure and Behavior
Martin Chaplin
Liquid water (H2O) is often perceived to be pretty ordinary as it is transparent, odorless,
tasteless and ubiquitous. It is the simplest compound of the two most common reactive
elements in the Universe. However, it is the most remarkable substance. Although we drink it,
wash, fish and swim in it, and cook with it (although probably not all at the same time), we
nearly always overlook the special relationship it has with our lives. Droughts cause famines
and floods cause death and disease. We are about two-thirds water and, without it, we die
within a few days. It has importance as a structured and structuring solvent, a solute, a
reactant and a biomolecule. Life cannot evolve or continue without liquid water, which is why
there is so much fuss about water being found on Mars and other planets and moons. Water
is the second most common molecule in the Universe (behind hydrogen, H2) and is
fundamental to star formation. It is unsurprising that it plays a central role in many of the
World's religions. Because of its clear importance, water is the most studied material on
Earth but it comes as a surprise to find that its behavior and function are so poorly
understood (or even ignored), not only by people in general, but also by scientists working
with it everyday.
Water seems, at first sight, to be a very simple molecule, consisting of just two hydrogen
atoms attached to an oxygen atom. Indeed, there are very few molecules that are smaller or
lighter.
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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The size of the water molecule, however, belies the complexity of its actions and its
singular capabilities. Water's unique properties seem to fit ideally into the
requirements for life as can no other molecule.
A number of explanations of the complex behavior of liquid water have been
published, many quite recently, with several stirring up great controversy. In this
site, I have attempted to present these ideas in a self-consistent manner, which I
hope will encourage both its understanding and further work.
The water molecule
The structure of the water molecule (easier introduction, water's molecular orbitals)
Molecular vibration and absorption of water
Hydrogen bonding in water (easier introduction, the molecular orbitals of a water
dimer and cyclic pentamer)
The Phase Diagram of water
Hexagonal ice, Cubic ice, Ice-two, Ice-three, Ice-four, Ice-five, Ice-six, Ice-seven,
Ice-eight, Ice-nine,
Ice-ten, Ice-eleven, Ice-twelve, Ice-thirteen, Ice-fourteen, Clathrate ices I, II and H,
Amorphous ice
Water ionization (the molecular orbitals of the H3O+ and OH- ions, H3O2+ ion and
H5O2+ ions)
Forty-one anomalies of water and their explanations
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Weird properties of water
Vapor pressure-Temperature behavior, Pressure-Temperature-Density behavior
Volume-Temperature behavior, Temperature-viscosity behavior
Properties of water and heavy water (changes with temperature)
Molecular models of water
Water clustering in liquid water
Overview of the structuring in liquid water (outline of methods for investigating
water structure)
Introduction to water clustering (a brief history of water clusters)
The icosahedral (H2O)280 water clusters
The tetrahedral (H2O)14 water cluster
Water icosahedral cluster architecture (spherical coordinates, shell radii/occupancy,
alternatives)
Differences in icosahedral water structures on puckering
Water cluster equilibria, puckering and temperature effects (explanation using
animated gifs)
Connectivity map for the icosahedral water cluster
Supercluster of 13 icosahedral water clusters (superstrand of water icosahedral
clusters)
Substructural forms of the icosahedral water cluster
Alternative clusters and water cluster architecture, based on gas clathrates
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Paper model
Evidence for icosahedral water clusters
Conclusions
Hydration
Hydrocolloids
Agar, Alginate, Arabinoxylan, Carrageenan, CMC, Cellulose, Curdlan, Gelatin
Gellan, b-Glucan, Gum arabic, Guar gum, Locust bean gum, Pectin, Starch,
Xanthan gum
Hydrocolloid rheology
Hydrocolloids and health
Ions and the Hofmeister series
H3O+ magic number cluster ion, SO42- cluster, tetramethylammonium ion
clustering, CO2 cluster
Hydrophobic hydration
Kosmotropes and chaotropes
Sugar hydration (cyclodextrins)
Polysaccharide hydration (introduction to polysaccharides, furan pseudorotational
angles)
Protein hydration and denaturation
Intracellular water
Nucleic acid hydration
Aqueous biphasic systems
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Aqueous solutions of C60
Magnetic and electric effects on water
Water and microwave radiation (background information, complex dielectric
permittivity)
Water activity
Water and health
Frequently asked questions concerning liquid water
How can hot water freeze quicker than cold water?
Can water be prevented from freezing by increasing the pressure?
Is water good for you?
Is water blue?
Does water have a memory?
Does magnetic descaling of water work?
How can a liquid have a structure?
Does the radial distribution peak at about 3.7 Å exist?
Is there fine structure in the radial distribution function?
Do interstitial water molecules exist?
How is icosahedral clustering related to the outer structure two-state mixture
model?
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Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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Water-related material
Homeopathy, including a working hypothesis of the dilution effect.
Declustered water, anomalous water and polywater
Novel fulleranes
Platonic solids and water
Extras
Contributed papers
J. G. Watterson, Enzyme function: random events or coherent action?
Philippa Wiggins, Life depends upon two kinds of water
Book reviews
Aqueous systems at elevated temperatures and pressures
Handbook of refractive index and dispersion of water for scientists and engineers
References 1 - 100, 101 - 200, 201 - 300, 301 - 400, 401 - 500, 501 - 600, 601 700, 701 - 800, 801 - 900, 901 - 1000, 1001 ® Visitor's Book (post your news
and views, Visitor's Book archive 2000-2003)
Site news
Water related links
20/07/2015
Prof. Giancarlo Pantaleoni :
Farmacologo- Idroclimatologo
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