Transcript PowerPoint プレゼンテーション

November, 2006
Workshop for East Asia Science and Security Collaborative
Security Trade Control in Asia: Role of
Japan and International Cooperation
Tatsujiro Suzuki* Tadahiro Katsuta** Hideaki
Shiroyama***
*University of Tokyo and Central Research Institute of Electric Power
Industry (CRIEPI)
** University of Tokyo
***University of Tokyo
This presentation is based on the work done by the Project, "Science, Technology and International
Relations: Governance of Dual Use Technologies," sponsored by Japan Society for Promotion of
Science (JSPS). Project members are; Hideaki Shiroyama, Kazuto Suzuki, Heigo Sato, Setsuko Aoki,
Masayuki Tadokoro and Tadahiro Katsuta.
CONTENTS
• Background
• Issues
• National Security Trade Control Programs
–
–
–
–
–
Japan
Malaysia
Thailand
Hong Kong
Singapore
• Analysis
• Conclusion
2
Background
• Export control of sensitive technologies has
become one of the most important security policy
issues
– Revelation of so-called “A. Q. Khan network”
– Response to international terrorism (UN
resolution 1540, PSI, CSI etc.)
• Developing countries, a group of non-state actors,
or even individuals can trade sensitive
technologies
• Such illicit trade network seems to be emerging in
Asia also
3
Issues
• Is Japan's current trade control regime sufficient?
– Expanding production network through out in Asia
– Illicit trade involving third country → need for regional
approach
• How well are Asian trade partners aware of trade
control issues? And how can Japan help?
– Will Japan's trade control program be a model for other Asian
countries?
– Seminar on Export Control for Asia (initiated by Japan)
– S. Korea's program is similar to Japan's
• How can Japanese corporation in Asia deal with
international trade issues?
– Do they comply with Japanese rules even in Asian
countries?
4
Japan's Program(1)
• It is called "security trade control"
– Strong emphasis on "international security"
– Primarily targeted towards "dual use technologies" (no
export of weapons, all developed for civilian purposes)
• Role of Center for Information on Security
Trade Control (CISTEC) is important
– METI is the sole government agency responsible for
trade control, but often lacks technical capability
– Coordination between industry and government is
essential
– Increased importance of corporate "compliance
programs"
5
Dual Use Technologies
• "There is no 'civilian' or 'military'
technology. All high-technologies are 'dual
use' technologies."
– Mr. Abe, Mitsubishi Electric (from "Militech
Power," Asahi Shimbun, 1989)
• Japan's Keidanren Seeks for revision of
"Three Non-Export Rules for Military
Technologies"
– Defense related technologies need export
market to keep competitive advantage
(Mainichi Shimbun, July 20, 2004)
6
Emerging Dual Use Technologies
-Japan as a leaderList of Japanese Technologies (DOD wanted)
LC display
NEC, Toshiba, MELCO
Fine Ceramics
Asahi, Toshiba, Nissan, Kyocera
Composite Material
Toray, Toho-Tenax, Mitsubishi Rayon
Voice Recognition
NEC
Robot, CAD
MECLO, FANUC
AI, Super Computer
Hitachi, Fujitsu, NEC, MELCO
Source: US Department of Defense, "Electronics," July 29, 1985
7
STC in Japan
METI
MOF, Custom
Police
MOFA
CISTEC
Private CP
Private CP
Private CP
Private CP
Research Community, Network?
8
Japan's Program (2)
• “Illicit trade" case from Japan to N. Korea
– Nov. 2002 Meishin made an attempt to export constant voltage
current power devices to North Korea, but according to Catch All
Control regulation, METI’s “Inform” restrained MEISHIN from the
export.
– April 2003 Meishin cargo boat with the power supply devices left
for Thailand. METI suspected that the company had an intention
to export these devices to North Korea via Thailand in spite of
the Inform in 2002.
– METI communicated with Hong Kong authorities to attach the
devices by Hong Kong Customs.
– On the same day, METI inspected the company in Tokyo and the
Importer in Thailand also accepted voluntary investigations by
staff of Japanese Embassy.
9
Illicit Trade from Japan to N. Korea
(2002-2003)
Suspicious
Company in
North Korea
Nov. 2002
Exporter
Inform
in
Japan
(MEISHIN)
April 2003
Inspection
by METI
METI
Hong
Kong
Government
April 2003
April 2003
Investigation by staff
Attachment
of Japanese Embassy
Importer
Thailand
in
10
Illicit Trade from Japan via Third Country in Asia
- Recent Cases (1) -
“Meisho” case (reported on 2006/08/10)
• Illegal export of frozen dryer to N. Korea via Taiwan by a
Korean-managed Japanese company (Meisho Yoko)
– Dryer can be used for biological weapon production
• Meisho sold the machine to a trading company in Taiwan in
2002, which was eventually exported to a trading company
(“HELM Pyongyang”) and then to “Chosen Runla 888” in N.
Korea
– Meisho was aware of its potential military application but sold under
the name of “medical application”
– Finance was made through a bank (“Macao Delta Asia”) in Macao,
HK
source: Nikkei, Tokyo Shimbun, Chunichi Shimbun,
11
Illicit Trade from Japan via Third Country in Asia
- Recent Cases (2) “Mitsutoyo” case (reported on 2006/08/25)
• 2001:Mitsutoyo sold two 3-dimensional measurement machine to its
local subsidiary company in Malaysia without METI license
• 2002: Its local company sold two machines to a Malaysia company
(Scomi Precision Engineering: SCOPE) which assembled the machines
– SCOPE then sold 1st machine to Dubai (UAE) via Iranian ship and found in
Libya later
• 2003: Aluminum tube made by SCOPE was found on the way to Libya
(illegal trade)
– 2nd machine was never sold to Libya
• Later, it was found Mitsutoyo also sold machines to Iran and
that it reported false capability of the machine
source: Asahi, Jiji Tsuhin, Yomiuri,
12
Assessment of National System(1)
Malaysia
• Had paid little attention to export control
– Strengthen indigenous industrial capability is the priority
• Different political strategy from those of US and Japan
– Non-intervention and respect of state sovereignty and objects “Western”
intervention and unilateral approach
– Close association with Islamic countries
• Export control system is very eclectic
– Royal customs do have laws and regulations on arms and dual use
technologies
– But their regulations do not have coherence
– After the Khan network disclosure, the Gov’t tried to establish coherent
legal framework, but not completed yet
• Expectation for Japanese Leadership
– It may follow Japanese leadership (not US leadership)
13
Assessment of National System(2)
Thailand
• Trade control programs are not established yet
– Only arms trade regulation exists
– Lack of interests by the Government and Industry
• But they may be willing to cooperate
– Stopping chemical products at port, responding to requests from
US and Japan (possible export to N. Korea)
– Using Hazardous Material Act and Drug Control Act
• Issues
– Low political priorities among the government
– Lack of awareness as a "trade country" of sensitive goods
– Difficult to get information from trading partners for Japanese
companies
• ex. Mitsutoyo exported 3D measurement machine to China through
Thailand (without Japanese export license)
– Lack of enforcement at country borders
14
Assessment of National System(3)
Hong Kong
• Well established "Security (Strategic) Trade
Control" programs
– both export and import
• including shipping companies, transshipment and transit
– Common standards for international regime
• international cooperation is essential
• Role of "policeman" entrusted from original export
countries
– Liaison program with industry (like CISTEC)
• Strategic Objective
– Increasing trade with China
– Sustaining competitiveness as an international "hub"
15
Assessment of National System(4)
Singapore
• Legal system has been recently established
– Since 1970s, Singapore has been parties to BWC and NPT and
ratified CWC, CTBT
– Nov.2002, Strategic Goods (Control) Act
– Jan. 2004, Strategic Good (Control) regulations adopted
– A permit is required prior to export/import, transshipment
• Strategic objective is put Singapore as “Big Hub” in the
region
– Long relationship with China, expanding relationship with India
• Implementation issues remain
• Good collaboration with Japan and the US
– 2004, Japan and Singapore signed the Statement on Strengthening
Bilateral Export Control Cooperation
16
Summary of Analysis
COCOM
Legacy
Strategic
Objective
Administative Relation
structure.
w.Japan/US
Malaysia
None
Different
from
US,Japan
Eclectic
Thailand
None
Low Priority Top
down
Cooperative
(US influence)
Economic
Established
Interest/
Gateway to
China
Ahead of Both
Big Hub
Cooperative
Hong Kong Yes
Singapore
Yes
Established
Leadership by
Japan
17
Main Issues on Security Trade Control in Asia
• Differences in Importance of Security Trade Control
– Perceived as "barrier" to free trade
– But some countries (Hong Kong, Singapore) have established
programs for their trade interests
• US Factors
– Different attitudes toward US policies
• ex. Malaysia (hostile to US policies) vs. Thailand
• Need for Domestic Political Infrastructure
– Lack of political leadership
– Bottom-up approach is also difficult, inter-agency conflicts still exist
– Lack of legal infrastructure (in Thai, Malaysia)
• Enforcement
– Even with established legal system, implementation and enforcement
are difficult
– Hard to capture all trade activities- importance of information sharing
18
Role of Japan and International Cooperation
• CISTEC Model can be effective
– Coordination among industry and government is
effective for governance of dual use technologies
– "Model Compliance Programs" are now being
introduced in Asia
• Relationship with the US
– US influence is still large
• Outreach activities are also done by the US
• Cooperation with the US can be very effective (ex. Thai)
– Japan can and should help filling a gap between US
and some Asian countries (hostile to the US)
19
Conclusions:
Four Options for Japan
1. Enhance Corporate Compliance Programs in
each country
•
Emphasis on small-medium size companies
2. Promote “Japan Model” while meeting local
conditions
•
Collaborative relationships between Gov’t and
Industry
3. Establish “regional clearing house” of relevant
information
•
Enhance sharing of key sensitive information
4. Establish bi-lateral cooperative agreement
•
Japan-led “CSI”-type collaborations to strengthen port
control
20