Transcript Dia 1

Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research
Environment, Development and
Multi-Level Governance
Joyeeta Gupta
Course details
Course Website
 www.ids-uva.nl
Course Catalogue Number
 734301230Y
Credits
 12 EC
Endorsed by: Earth System Governance project of
the International Human Dimensions Programme
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Learning goals
Understand, learn, gather, process, debate, integrate, share and
present information, and form judgements on.
 Environment and development issues and governance;
 Architecture, Access and Allocation, Agency, Adaptiveness,
and Accountability, Power, Scale, Norms and Knowledge
 Problem framing, perspectives of the global South;
 Policy coherence; policy options
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Key words
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Environment, Development, Governance;
Architecture, Access and Allocation,
Agency, Adaptiveness, Accountability,
Power, Scale, Norms, Knowledge, Problem
framing, coherence, innovation
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Readings
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Dietz, T., Ostrom, E., & Stern, P. C. (2003). The struggle to
govern the commons. science, 302(5652), 1907–1912 .
UNEP (2011). Annual report, 44-53. Accessible through:
http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_ANNUAL_REPORT_2011.pdf
UNEP (2012). Geo 5 Report: Global responses, 457-486
(chapter 17). Accessible through:
http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_C17.pdf
Lemos, M. C., & Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental
governance. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 31, 297–325.
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GOVERNANCE
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Globalization and Governance
Globalization
 Described as networks of interdependence that
span intercontinental distances
 An umbrella term, covering a wide variety of
linkages between countries that extend beyond
economic interdependence
Governance is another vague term which basically
includes the sum total of all the ways in which
individuals and organizations, public and private,
manage themselves. (adaptive; interactive; etc.)
The problem: The good governance gap
Involving stakeholders
Innovativeness in governance
Self-regulation
Co-regulation
Public private mergers
Legal
Governance
pluralism
Towards administrative law
Legitimacy?
Legality?
Accountability?
Effectiveness?
Efficiency?
Responsiveness?
Confusion
Time
Earth system governance
ENVIRONMENT
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Environment
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Atmosphere
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Climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, transboundary and
local air pollution
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Water
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Land and Land use
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Solid, liquid, nuclear; resource extraction; energy
Species
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Forests, agriculture, desertification, other land uses
Resources and Wastes
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Use, pollution, shipping (oceans, fresh water, ground water)
Conservation, trade
Out of space
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Global ecological footprint by
component
WWF 2012: p. 38
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Trends in ecological footprints and
biocapacity per person
WWF 2012: p. 40
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Changing ecological footprint per
person (1961-2008)
WWF 2012: 41
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2008
WWF 2012
15
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Top Biocapacities on
Earth
WWF 2012
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Changes in the ecological footprint per
person
WWF 2012
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Fishing
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WWF 2012
Point to ponder: What is the implication for
governance? How can one organize
governance to deal with these issues?
Ecosystem
services
Source: MA 2005
Ecosystem services & human well being
Source: MA 2005
Human Well-being and
Poverty Reduction
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Basic material for a good life
Health
Good Social Relations
Human
Security
Freedom of choiceWell-being
and action
Indirect Drivers of Change
 Demographic
 Economic (globalization, trade,
market and policy framework)
 Sociopolitical (governance and
Indirect framework)
institutional
 Science
and Technology
Drivers
 Cultural and Religious
Direct Drivers of Change
Ecosystem
Services
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Changes in land use
Species
introduction or removal
Direct
Technology adaptation and use
Drivers
External
inputs (e.g., irrigation)
Resource consumption
Climate change
Natural physical and biological
drivers (e.g., volcanoes)
Source: MA 2005
Point to ponder: What is the implication of
ecosystem services for governance?
Point to ponder: What is the difference between
environmental and ecosystem governance?
Ecosystem services and environmental
governance
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Is the difference one of public goods?
Is the difference one of scale?
Is the difference one of a systemic approach?
Is there a politics of vocabulary?
How does one draw boundaries on these
elements?
Is the content of each different?
Are resources part of ecosystem services or are
they different?
Is environmental governance more limited than
ecosystem governance?
Ecosystem services and environmental governance
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Environmental governance is more negative
harm – avoiding harm; ecosystem governance
is more positve?
In the ultimate analysis – ecosystems equal
environmental governance?
Environmental governance can be more
focused and sectoral/ fragmnented?
Environmental governance is more
anthropocentric than ecosystem governance?
DEVELOPMENT
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Development
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Energy
Transport
Agriculture
Industry
Science and education
Culture and society
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Development
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Poor
Middle-class
The rich
The average values
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ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT
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HDI and the environment
Source: UNDP 2011
Sustainable development
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Meets the needs of the present without
compromising on the ability of the future
generations to meet their own needs (WCED
1987).
Economic, environmental and social issues
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Society
Sustainable Development
Economy
Green economy
Environment
NORTH-SOUTH ISSUES
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Figure 2.1 Stylized representations of the demographic, economic
and forest transitions
Economic growth, Population, Forests
Virgin forests
Mass consumption
Maturity
Forest frontier
Stable population
Take-off
Birth rate falls
Pre-conditions for take-off
Traditional society Death rate falls
Forest stabilization
Forest & agriculture mosaic
Traditional society
Time
Gupta et al. 2013
Emissions – A North-South problem?
North
South
Pollution per capita
Design issues
IC
1
2
DC
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GDP per capita
Gupta and van der Grijp 2010
Key challenges in regimes
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Countries have to reduce their own pollution or
protect their own resources
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ICs often reluctant
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DCs often lacking resources
The questions:
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How do you force powerful countries to
change behaviour?
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How do you ensure that poorer countries
can deal with environmental issues?
Governance of sustainable development issues
Managed and spontaneous governance
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Intergovernmental managed approaches
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UN and/ or Regional Resolutions
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Political Declarations
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Treaties – on environmental and human rights
Spontaneous governance by non-state actors
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Boycotts
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Certification and labeling schemes
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Public awareness
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Corporate social responsibility
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Lobbying
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Litigation
The United Nations System
The United Nations
System - established
in the wake of World
War II - sought
essentially to promote
and maintain peace
around the world.
This aim has had an
profound impact on
its structure
First meeting of General Assembly 10-1-’46
© UN Photo library
The UN Charter, defined the main purposes of the United
Nation as:
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To maintain international peace and
security
To develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples
To achieve international cooperation in solving international
problems of an economic, social,
cultural or humanitarian character
and in promoting respect for human
rights and fundamental freedoms
To be a centre for harmonizing the
actions of nations.
Raising of the flag of East Timor
as 191st member of the United
Nations
© UN Photo library
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
International
Court of
Justice
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
The General Assembly is the
closest equivalent to a World
Parliament. All the 192 member
countries are represented by
one vote. On ordinary issues
decisions are taken by a simple
majority. On important issues,
2/3rds of the votes are required.
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
International
Court of
Justice
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
Trusteeship
Council
The Security Council looks at issues that
concern war and peace. It has 15
members, 5 of which are permanent
members (USA, UK, France, Russia and
China). It decides on sanctions, peacekeeping missions and can authorize
military intervention. The remaining
members are elected by the General
Assembly (2 at a time for 2 years). On
most issues, 9 of the 15 votes are
required to take a decision. However, any
of the permanent members can veto a
decision.
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
International
Court of
Justice
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
The Social-Economic Council
(ECOSOC) aims to co-ordinate
the social and economic
activities of countries. Its 54
members are elected by the
General Assembly. Decisions
are taken by majority of
votes, each country having
one vote.
International
Court of
Justice
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
International
Court of
Justice
The Trusteeship Council has
played a role to prepare 11
territories for self-government
or independence since 1954. In
1994 however the last territory
under its guidance gained
independence and since that
time, operations are suspended
and the council no longer meets
annually.
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
International
Court of
Justice
The Secretariat
supports the other
organs. It is led by
the secretarygeneral.
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
International
Court of
Justice
The International Court of
Justice aims to settle legal
disputes between member
countries. On request, it
gives advisory opinions to
the UN. The 15 judges are
appointed by the General
Assembly and Security
Council
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
2.1 Learning objectives 
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
 2.3 The UN Charter
International
Court of
Justice
The General
Assembly
Security
Council
SocialEconomic
Council
2.1 Learning objectives 
Trusteeship
Council
The
Secretariat
Secretariat
 2.3 The UN Charter
International
Court of
Justice
Options for Institutional Design
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Hierarchical integrated or single issue
High level advisory
Focal point
Strengthening individual organisations
LOSD
Regime clustering
Network Organisation
Theories
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Realism, neo-realism
Neo liberal institutionalism
Historical materialism
Idealistic supranationalism
Cognitive approaches
Options and theories
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From different perspectives, different options
become feasible.
What is your view on this? What should be the
design of global governance and what is likely?
Evolution of environmental issues in governance
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Stockholm Conference 1972
Establishment of UNEP
World Charter for Nature (GA) 1982
Brundtland Commission 1987
UNCED 1992
Millennium Declaration 2000
WSSD 2002
WS 2012
Issue by Issue response
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Conventions to deal with specific problems
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Air
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Transboundary air pollution; Climate change; Depletion of the
ozone layer
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Water
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Chemicals and Waste
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Chemicals; Transboundary movement of wastes
Species and biodiversity
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Seas and oceans; Shipping; Fishing; Fresh water
CITES; Biodiversity
Land and land use
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Forests, desertification
Treaties for governance
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More than 900 treaties on environmental
issues
Development of a global system of rules on
environmental issues
Common global values and principles
Or not???
Point to ponder: why do you think it is easier
to negotiate on an issue by issue basis than to
develop a comprehensive environmental law
for the global community?
Actors in governance
Lemos & Agrawal 2006
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Point to ponder: Can markets address
environmental issues? Do they make
intergovernmental negotiations irrelevant?
Point to ponder: Can we leave governance of
global issues to non-governmental
organizations?
THE CHALLENGE OF
COHERENCE
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Key challenge
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Different actors negotiate differently in different
fora leading to different outcomes;
Competition for resources between different
environmental regimes;
Contradiction between different regimes;
Complexity and lack of transparency within
regimes;
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Solution
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Internalization of environmental costs
Coordination
Coherence
Integration
Mainstreaming
Nexus approach
Solution – the phases of incorporation
Nexus approach
Development
The issue being incorporated
Win win/
Coordination Coherence
internalization
of costs
Integration
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Mainstreaming
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Adaptive
Governance
Dietz et al. 2003
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Conclusions
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More than 1700 treaties on environmental
issues
Development of a global system of rules on
environmental issues
Common global values and principles
Or not???