Measuring Research and Experimental Development
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Transcript Measuring Research and Experimental Development
Measuring R&D:
Challenges Faced by Developing Countries
South East Asian Regional Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics
Hanoi, Viet Nam
5-8 December 2011
Martin Schaaper
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Outline
The problem
The process
Contents of the Technical Guide
Thinking ahead
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R&D statistics in developing
countries (1)
Recognition, meeting targets, evidence-based
S&T policy, but:
• lack of interest at the level of policy makers (low policyrelevance?)
• S&T is still not properly represented in economic/social
public policies. lack of resources devoted to statistics in
S&T
• lack of technical knowledge for the production of crossnationally comparable R&D statistics
• weak statistical institutions
• difficulties in applying Frascati Manual (FM) concepts
and methods
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R&D statistics in developing
countries (2)
Particular characteristics of R&D activities to be taken into
account:
• R&D performers function within the specific context of a national,
cultural, political, financial and economic system
• different structures in terms of government, innovation system,
higher education system, statistical system
• particular ‘culture of information’
• Users of R&D stat: Gov, analysts. + international donor agencies
S&T indicators
• adapted to particular policy needs
• provide answers to actual policy questions
However, international comparability is foremost
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The process (1)
Experience acquired through the UIS work, in particular through
direct contact with S&T statisticians in numerous workshops and
other meetings around the developing world.
Advisory Meeting to the UIS S&T Statistics Programme held in
Montreal, Canada, December 2007.
Papers commissioned by UIS to Jacques Gaillard (IRD, Paris),
Michael Kahn et al (HSRC, South Africa), and Gustavo Arber et
al (RICYT, Argentina).
Proposal for an annex to the Frascati Manual on measuring
R&D in developing countries was presented at the OECD 2008
and 2009 NESTI meeting.
Expert Meeting on Measuring R&D in Developing Countries in
Windhoek, Namibia, 14 to 16 September 2009
Consultant has drafted the following two documents
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The process (2)
Technical Guide on Measuring R&D: Challenges for
Developing Countries released in Oct 2010
Proposed Annex to the Frascati Manual submitted to
OECD 2010 NESTI meeting
Objectives are to provide:
• guidance to developing countries on how to adapt the FM
standards
• recommendations for specific situations that fall outside FM
framework
• suggestions on how to strengthen S&T statistical system in
developing countries
Stay within boundaries of FM
Some of the measurement challenges may be considered
for a future revision of the FM
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Products
http://www.uis.unesco.org/template/pdf/S&T/TechPaper5_EN.pdf
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Contents of the Technical Guide
1. Introduction
2. The nature of R&D activity in developing countries
3. R&D expenditure
4. Internal and international mobility of the R&D workforce
5. Specific fields of R&D activity
6. Foreign and internationally controlled entities
7. Strengthening R&D statistical systems
8. Thinking ahead
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Chapter 2: The nature of R&D activity
in developing countries
The growing importance of R&D
• More ‘R’ than ‘D’ in developing countries.
• Strong presence of the government and
higher education sectors in the
performance of R&D. Lower emphasis on
R&D in business sector.
• Occasional R&D / Informal R&D
• Special types of R&D
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Chapter 2: The nature of R&D activity
in developing countries
cont…
Heterogeneity and concentration
•
Developing countries are a heterogeneous
group:
» Group A: countries with consolidated R&D systems and
developed S&T statistics systems no major difficulties in
applying Frascati Manual concepts.
» Group B: countries with consolidated R&D systems and
less developed S&T statistics systems need specific
guidance on how to establish and consolidate sound R&D
statistics systems.
» Group C: countries with incipient R&D systems need
specific guidelines on how to start creating a regular R&D
statistical collection.
•
High degree of concentration (in group of
countries, in particular institutions, in major
projects, etc) lead to volatility and inconsistencies in
statistics.
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Chapter 3. R&D expenditure
Use of secondary data from national budget
• New sources of funds emerging (NGOs, Foreign entities, BE)
• Discrepancy between voted and allocated budget
• Budgetary commitments are not followed up
• Mixing of budgetary records and annual reports from
performing units
• Definition of S&T / R&D budgets
• Identifying R&D components in the national budget
State-owned enterprises, university-owned companies and
national scientific academies
Public vs. Private universities
Fiscal year vs. calendar year
Information systems in government and higher education
inadequate for statistics
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Chapter 4: Internal and international
mobility of the R&D workforce
Underestimation of researchers
Unpaid research
Informal research
Research outside of the normal work setting with
external funding
Multiple part time positions not taken into account
or undercounted
Master’s research
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Counting researchers
Overestimation of researchers
Counting the contract instead of the real effort
Multiple full-time research positions
Special cases
FTE calculation >1 and FTE>HC
R&D in times of crisis
Visiting researchers
Brain circulation
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Counting researchers
Recommendations
Peer interviews of researchers
Include a module on barriers
Use secondary sources
• Publication databases, both national and international
• STMIS and other databases of researchers
• Databases and registers of clinical trials
• Databases and registers of the main foreign donors
involved in funding R&D in the countries
• University accreditation databases
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Chapter 5: Specific fields of R&D
activity
Traditional knowledge
Clinical trials
Industrial activities
Research in social sciences and humanities
Software development and system engineering
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Traditional knowledge (TK)
Traditional knowledge: A cumulative body of
knowledge, know-how, practices and
representations maintained and developed by
peoples with extended histories of interaction with
the natural environment.
These sophisticated sets of understandings,
interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of
a cultural complex that encompasses language,
naming and classification systems, resource use
practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview.
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Traditional knowledge
cont..
Dichotomy between traditional and scientific
knowledge systems
substantive grounds – because of differences in
the subject matter and characteristics of traditional
and scientific knowledge
methodological and epistemological grounds –
because the two forms of knowledge employ
different methods to investigate reality
contextual grounds – because traditional
knowledge is more deeply rooted in its
environment
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Traditional knowledge
cont..
Links between traditional and scientific
knowledge systems
Scientific approach to TK (in ethno-botany, ethnopedology, ethno-forestry, ethno-veterinary medicine, ethnoecology, etc).
The application of scientific methods to TK,
converting it into a source of scientific information.
(in biodiversity science or nature conservation; traditional
health and pharmacopeia).
Interaction between scientists and communities in
participatory technology development
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Traditional knowledge
cont..
Measurement issues and recommendations
Establish the boundaries for TK (what qualify as
R&D)
Included: activities establishing an interface
between traditional knowledge and R&D
Excluded: storage and communication of TK in
traditional ways
Some fields of activities in TK are transdisciplinary (e.g. ethno-botany), making them
extremely difficult to map into the current
classification’s structure.
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Clinical trials
Clinical trials
(Can) involve a significant amount of R&D
Need to be conducted on a wide population
Growth area for developing countries
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Clinical trials
cont..
Measurement of clinical trials
Registers of clinical trials available, e.g. WHO but also
national
Funding often from abroad
Performance various possibilities
• a local branch of the foreign main sponsor
• universities and university hospitals
• individual researchers
• local medical clinics
• locally registered PNPs
• international PNPs
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Clinical trials
cont..
Measurement issues and recommendations
Occupation category of local staff
• Medical doctors and other professionals with at least
ISCED 5A degrees should be considered as
researchers
• Nurses and other staff with qualifications below ISCED
5A should be accounted for as technicians
FTE calculation is important (often part-time)
Attribution of sector of performance must be done
with care to avoid double counting
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Industrial activities
Reverse engineering: understanding the
structure and functioning of an object (in order to
make a new device or program creates a similar
object in a different way), copying it, or improving
it.
Recommendation: If reverse engineering is
carried out in the framework of an R&D project to
develop a new (and different) product, it should be
considered as R&D.
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Research in the social sciences and
humanities (SSH)
Research in SSH often under-reported, especially in business
sector
More in Higher education and Government sectors
Reasons for more focus on SSH:
• Growing importance of service sector and transition to KE
• Technology transfer and community development depends on
understanding human agency
• Development research, research on sustainable development and
climate change mitigation
Recommendations:
• Should measure R&D in SSH across all sectors.
• Development research and other social change projects:
R&D only in development and testing phase.
• Research on religion: part of humanities and should be in
R&D surveys
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Chapter 6: Foreign and internationally
controlled entities
Foreign antennas
Foreign company’s R&D labs
International organizations operating in the
country
Foreign universities based and conducting
R&D in campuses set up in the country
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The foreign institutions sector
Recommendation
Create a “foreign institutions” (FI) sector as a separate
sector of performance
Funding flowing from this sector to other sectors should be
considered from “Abroad” as stated in the main body of the
Frascati Manual
What is included?
• Foreign antennas
• International organizations
• Foreign company’s R&D labs (remains in the business sector)
• Foreign universities (remains in the HE sector)
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The foreign institutions sector
The principal sector sub-classification
Business enterprises
Government
Higher Education
Private non-profit
International organizations
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Chapter 7: Strategies for setting up S&T
statistics systems in developing countries
Will be discussed in another presentation.
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Chapter 8: Thinking ahead: Other
products – beyond R&D
Redefine the concepts of scientific and
technological education and training at broadly the
third level (STET), Scientific and technological
services (STS) and S&T activities (STA)
Better integrate education statistics with R&D
statistics
Hands on guidance
Metadata
Model questionnaire
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Thank you!
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[email protected]
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