Transcript Pre - Civil War - Mr. Hughes' Classes

Pre-Civil War North
1820 - 1855
Expansion
• Land Grab 1815 – 1819
• Peace of Ghent
– Settled dispute between England & U.S. over naval vessels on
Great Lakes
– 1818 Northern Border of Canada/U.S. settled
– 1819 Spain seized by Andrew Jackson
» Pursuing rebellion of slaves
» Followed into Spanish Territory – Seminole rebellion
stopped
– 1819 Spain ceded Florida $5 million
» Finalized Louisiana border extended to West coast
• Missouri Compromise - 1820
• Equal number of slave & free states (11 each)
– 1819 Missouri wants to be admitted into the union – slave
state
– Northerners opposed the admittance of another slave state –
lose power in Congress
» Northerners argued that slaves could not be carried past
boundary 36 – 30
» Southerners argued that laws could not prevent chattel
(property into new territory.)
– Heated debates took place on Congressional floors
» Slavery (as a moral question) is not the issue - law
– Maine’s admittance into the union the union saved the issue –
thus allowing one free & slave state into union
Expansion
• American Expansion West
– Increased industry, population, and
presence in the world.
• End of Mexican –American war 1848 – U.S.
gained California, New Mexico, Texas
• Pushed expansion west – “God’s Will” Manifest
Destiny
• 1853 – U.S. purchases 30,000 miles of Mexican
territory
– Population growth (1820) 23 million –
(1850) 31 million
• 35% increase in pop. every ten years
– 7 new states entered union
– Northern Population grew due to immigration
(Russia, Ireland, Poles, Turks, etc..)
– Population increase fueled the economy
» Workers for mechanized industries
» South cotton is King – North
industrialization rules the day
Expansion of People
• Immigration along East Coast
• Immigrants - not trusted, lived in slums,
increased crime
– Depressed wages – cheap labor
• Hostility & violence (rumors & stereotypes)
– Competition for jobs spurred violence
– E.g. “raw-eating, opium smoking, pigtailed
Chinese”
• Growth of Catholicism
– New religions created tensions
– Over whelming of new culture and social up
change
– City militia to combat the immigrants
• West: immigrants welcome – statehood
• Granted people right to vote (citizenship)
• West – immigration needed – qualification for
statehood
– Laborers needed – extended naturalization
process
– New lands = new opportunities for immigrants
Expansion in Farming
• New Fertile lands
• Farming is principle occupation = greatest
possibilities
– Led to new farms
– Machines allowed population to grow
» More food = stronger/hungrier populace
» Provide more land to be cultivated
» Accelerated crop production – sped up
economy & agriculture
– Railroads connected U.S. cities to urban settings
» Lowered crop prices
– McCormick reaper – crop yields increased
» Cast iron harrows; seeding machines, hay
rakes
– Creation of specialized farms
» No need for self sustaining farms
» Farmers sent crops to trade hubs (Chicago)
• Other inventions changed society (Sewing
machine, hydraulic turbine, pneumatic tire)
Industrial Expansion
• Changes to Industry
• Industry supported by 7 pillars
– Machinery, standardized parts, new
business practices, new power, factories,
national market, & transportation
• Economic increase = greater industrial
output
– Industries switched to factory systems –
not home based
– Use of steam/water power
• Processing of goods became centralized
– Creating large cities & hubs of immigrants
– Most workers were involved in
transportation or manufacturing of goods
– Increased economics spurred on the
growth of cities
– Coast grew faster due to shipping,
industry, & rivers
– mid-west cities grew due to railroads
– U.S. changed from rural to urban nation
Economics & Society
• Specialized machinery
• standardized parts, application of steam
power
– Provided cheap goods through out U.S.
• Economic gap between poor & rich
• Person’s of substance succeeded
• Immigrant & lower class stayed poor
– Lived in impoverished conditions
– Worked from dawn till dusk in factory
conditions
– Once work started you didn’t move
• Skilled labor decreased – machine work
– Increased the need for unskilled labor
– Attracted large immigrant populations
» Domesticated slavery in the Northern
states
Reform Movements
• Increased economic riches, industry,
factories etc…
• Sense that society is out of control
– Assault on the morals & values of the nation
» “thing are in the saddle and ride man kind”
» Man has no control – due to increased
industrialization
– Increased selfishness – promotion of greed
– Increased Protestantism and reform movements &
strike against imperfections of society
• Other reforms revolved around women’s rights,
prohibit alcohol, & end slavery (abolition).
– Social Ideals melded with idealistic intentions of
Christian morality
» Women fought against male usurpation of
power & dominance
» Fought for temperance
• Mostly reforms emerged due to economic
dislocations
– Celebration in society of the difference between
people
Second Great Awakening
• 2nd Great Awakening
– Generation of religious excitement
– Re-evaluation of Christianity & its teachings
• People attended revival meeting – fireside chats
– Attracted religious debate and confrontation of social injustices - condemnation
– Churches grew by 1/3 in New England
»
Not unlikely to have 100,000 of converts
• Perception of Slavery
– The most critical reform & religious debate Anti-slavery
• Abolitionism – immediate freedom of slave
– Social illness – slavery a form of illness
– Movement confined to North & West
– Paradox: believe in
abolition of slavery; but not believe in equality
– Churches became heavily involved in slave issue
• Philanthropic organization started
• (Baptist in South & Methodist in North)
– North accuses South of being barbaric – sinful people
» Slavery was a moral issue – must be abolished
» Anti-slavery organization appeared to “root out the sin”
» Many organizations used differing tactics – some more physical than others
Perception of Slavery
• Slavery & labor
– Changes to labor due to
industrialization
• Slavery seen a cruel, Oppressive - tortuous
• Abolitionists supported industrialization of
the North – despite bad working conditions
• All abolitionists believed in the
following:
– Moral commitment to end slavery
immediately
– Must educate other Americans
• Petitions, speeches, & pamphlets
– All held the South responsible & guilty
of the institution of slavery
– Slavery transformed South into a
repressive society
Antebellum South 1820-1855
• North & South shared common characteristics
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Common heritage
Reverence for Constitution
Devotion to democracy for white males
Common religious beliefs, European traditions, language,
law, & Gov structure
– South insisted that Modernized North had changed –
wanted the South to follow
• South has a limited Diversity (Blacks, Whites, Native
Americans)
• West of Sea board prior -1820 attracted immigrantsprospects of land = fortune
– Fertile lands, slave labor, huge harvests
• 1840 – fear of soil exhaustion = less success as planters
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Southern states in constant flux of migration
Large immigration to western lands (Gulf lands)
1840-1860 only 20% actually stayed in one place
Cities and coastal area became slums
• Gulf lands along seaboard
• Pop. Boomed (Texas 184%; S. Carolina 5%)
• Attraction of wealth & success – e.g. 175 lbs of cotton per
acre
Antebellum South
• Frontier South
– Exhibited Frontier Society
• Highly rural - Few Cities
– Most cities resided on border state (e.g. Kentucky,
Maryland, Louisville)
» No urban cities like New York
» Southern city 1,000 people or less
– Lacked industry that attracts workers = attracts
urbanization
– Cities retained country atmosphere
» Low density, close to nature, horizontal
» Agrarian centers influenced by planters – lacked
metropolitan services
• Cities Influenced by Aristocracy (Upper Class)
– Industrialization = kill southern charm
» Per square mile < than 32 persons
• Southern Government
• Individualism & democracy for white’s flourished
• Wealth gap remained (44% of Alabama’s legislature
consisted of planters who owned more than 20
slaves)
– Abolished property qualifications, increased white
suffrage, increased # of elected officials
– Sought to bring lower class yeomen farmers on same
level of equality
Antebellum South
• South Committed to Agriculture
– 5th in world for Cotton Production & Textiles
– 8th in the world for Iron production & Textile
• South lagged behind
– goods produced
– capital investment
– industrial centers
• South’s economic growth came from land cultivation
– Capital invested in slavery not industry
• Industrial expansion hampered by labor shortages
– No large migration of immigrants to south
» Wages too low to attract immigrants
– Only 5% of slaves worked in factories
– Lacked business culture – training
» Unable to encourage or train accountants, clerks
» South had fewer colleges than North
• South Antagonistic Attitude towards the North
– Defend their use of slavery and way of life
» “We have no mobs, no trade union, no strikes for higher
wages, no armed resistance to law, but little jealousy of the
rich by the poor”
– Hated anyone and anything that imitated the “filthy, crowed
licentious factories of the North”
Antebellum & Industry
• South condemned the North’s industrialization
– Slavery more Humane
• “Laborers were subservient to capitalists who offered
neither living wages or paternalistic attitude”
– Profited only through sale of cotton to North
– 40% of South pop. is slave
• South Found stability in slavery & staple agriculture
(Cotton)
– Cotton is everywhere “its hard to tell what’s bigger, the
cotton piles or the houses.”
– South economically & socially bound by cotton
» Southern society was based off plantation system
» Politics decided according to cotton
– Plantation owners controlled political positions
» Planters controlled land use & purchase power
– Clashes did emerge between yeomen & planters
» 30% or less owned no slaves
» 50% or less owned no land
» Scratched out existence on poor farms
– So how does slavery flourish? – Southern Planters
Monopolization of power
» Most Yeomen lived as tenants or renters on planters
lands
» Snubbed as poor white trash
Antebellum & Aristocracy
• Ruling race mentality
– White people ruling with superiority over black field
hands
– Equality through skin color = inclusion in white
society gave Yeomen farmers equality
– South Contained 60% of nations wealthiest
people (only 30% of pop)
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1,000 Planter families made $50 million a year
Other 666,000 farmers made $60 million
Lower status farmers with slaves
Annual income with slave $674 – those without $84.
Educated Elite – diligent readers
Communal leaders – gained approval from religious
institutions
– Development of Southernism
• Regional self-identification
– “The South is my home – my father land, there
sleep the ashes of my sire and grand sires; there
are my hope and my prospects; with her my
fortunes are cast; her fate if my fate, and her
destiny my destiny.”
– Expression of loyalty to South & its institutions
Southern Society
• Family Reflected Society (Male
Dominance)
• Sex roles became entrenched in
Southern Frontier society
• Men – Daredevil Masculinity
– Lots of drinking
– Gambling
– Gun slinging
• Marriage as slavery was a contract for
women
– Females dependant on the men
• Women subservient - barely above
slaves
– “Women were made to breed and men to
do the work of the world. As a toy for
recreation…or as brining wealth and
position, men are tempted to marry to
them and the world is kept populated”
– Women not individuals, surrounded
by slavery and family.