Transcript Ethics - Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association

Ethical and Supervision Issues:
Dilemmas for Mental Health
Counselors
Loretta Bradley, PhD, LPC, NCC
Paul Whitfield Horn Professor
Texas Tech University
Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
December 5, 2014
Ethical Issues: Dilemmas for
Mental Health Counselors
Loretta Bradley, PhD, LPC, NCC
Paul Whitfield Horn Professor
Texas Tech University
Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
December 5, 2014
Ethics Defined
• “Acceptable or good practice agreed upon rules or
standards of practice by a profession, as in counseling”
(Cottone & Tarvydas, 2007).
• “Ethical codes were created to educate professionals
about conduct and standards of practice as well as to
protect and promote the welfare of those served by
the professional (Makela, 2009).
• “Ethical codes are to assist members to make sound
ethical decisions to define ethical behaviors and best
practices for association members (AMHCA, Code of
Ethics, 2010).
Ethical Principles
• There are 5 moral principles that serve as the
foundation for codes of ethics. These principles
are:
– Autonomy – being independent and making one’s
own decisions
– Nonmaleficence – avoiding causing harm to others
– Beneficence – having the client’s welfare in mind
– Justice – acting in a fair or just manner
– Fidelity – trusting relationship between counselor and
client
(Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2011).
Ethical Codes
• 2014 ACA Code of Ethics
• ACA Division Codes (some examples)
– AMHCA
– ASCA
– ASGW
– IAMFC
– NCDA
Implementation of Competencies
• Advocacy Competencies
– http://www.counseling.org/resources/competenci
es/advocacy_competencies.pdf
• Multicultural Counseling Competencies
– https://www.counseling.org/docs/competencies/
multcultural_competencies.pdf?sfvrsn=5
Ethical Decision-Making
• 9 Models identified (Cottone & Claus, 2000).
• ACA Adopted
– Forester-Miller & Davis Model
Professional Will
• Case Study
– Case of Jane & Clarence
• Ethical Issue
– Confidentiality
– Postmortem Confidentiality
– Informed Consent
Changes in 2014 ACA Code of Ethics
• Preamble
• Core Professional Values Highlighted
– Enhancing Human Development Across the Lifespan
– Honoring Diversity and Embracing a Multicultural
Approach
– Promoting Social Justice
– Safeguarding the Integrity of Counselor/Client
Relationship
– Practicing in a Competent, Ethical manner
Changes in the 2014 ACA Code of
Ethics vs. the 2005 Code
• Section A
– A.1.e, A.2.e, A.5, A.6, A.10, A.11, A.12
• Section B
– B.6
• Section C
– C.7.a.c
• Section H
– A.12.a
5 Common Ethical
Concerns/Questions
1. Release of Client Information
– A.1.a, A.2.a, A.4.2, B.1.c, B.1.d, B.2.d, B.2.e
2. Mandated Reporting
– The 2014 ACA Code of Ethics does not address
mandated reported directly because each state has
its own requirements for reporting (check your state
regulations). Counselor should review.
3. Counselor/Client Relationship (Professional
Boundaries)
– A.6
5 Common Ethical
Concerns/Questions Continued
4. Social media/Distance Counseling/Technology
– New section in 2014 ACA Code of Ethics, Section H
5. Personal Values
– The 2014 ACA Code of Ethics asks that clients be
considered first.
•
•
A.4.b is expanded and states there is a necessity for
counselor to obtain training to be multiculturally
competent.
A.11.a & A.11.b suggests referrals must be based on
competency (not values). The client is first!
References
American Counseling Association. (2014) ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
American Mental Health Counseling Association. (2010). AMHCA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Barnett, J., & Johnson, W. B. (2014). Ethical desk reference for counselors (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling
Association.
Bradley, L., Hendricks, B., & Kabell, D. (2012). The professional will: An ethical responsibility. The Family Journal, 20, 309-314.
Bradley, L., Hendricks, B., & Kabell, D. (2011). Postmortem confidentiality: An ethical issue. The Family Journal, 19, 417-420.
Bradley, L., Hendricks, B., & Kabell, D. (2009). Email and ethical issues. The Family Journal, 17, 268-271.
Brennan, C. (2013). Ensuring ethical practice: Guidelines for mental health counselors in private practice. Journal of Mental Health
Counseling, 35(3), 245-261.
Corey, G., Corey, M. S., & Callanan, P. (2015). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Brooks
Cole.
Cottone, R. R., & Claus, R. E. (2000). Ethical decision-making models: A review of the literature. Journal of Counseling &
Development, 78, 275-283.
Dailey, S., Gill, C., Karl, S., & Minton, C. (2014). DSM-5 learning companion for counselors. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling
Association.
Dermer, S. B., Smith, S. D., & Barto, K. K. (2010). Identifying and correctly labeling sexual prejudice, discrimination, and oppression.
Journal of Counseling & Development, 88, 325-331.
References
Garcia, J., Cartwright, B., Winston, S., & Borzuchowska, B. (2003). A transcultural integrative model for ethical decision making in
counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81, 268-272.
Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (2014). ACA standards casebook (7th ed.). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (2014). Boundary issues in counseling: Multiple roles and responsibilities (3rd ed.). Alexandria, VA: American
Counseling Association.
Herlihy, B., Hermann, M., & Greden, L. (2014). Legal and ethical implications of using religious beliefs as the basis for refusing to
counsel certain clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 148-154.
Kaplan, D. (2014). Ethical implications of a critical legal case for the counseling profession: Ward v. Wilbanks. Journal of Counseling
& Development, 92, 142-148.
Kress, V. E., Hoffman, R. M., Adamson, N., & Eriksen, K. (2013). Informed consent, confidentiality, and diagnosing: Ethical
guidelines for counselor practice. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 35(1), 15-28.
Makela, J. P. (2009). A case study approach to career development: Exploring shades of gray. Broken Arrow, OK: National Career
Development Association.
O’toole, M. (2014). Harm to others: Assessment and treatment of dangerousness. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling
Association.
Remley, T. & Herlihy, B. (2013). Ethical, legal and professional issues in counseling (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education.
Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender and orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Wheeler, N., & Bertram, B. (2012). The counselor and the law: A guide to legal and ethical practice (6th ed.). Alexandria, VA:
American Counseling Association.
Supervision Issues: Dilemmas for
Mental Health Counselors
Loretta Bradley, PhD, LPC, NCC
Paul Whitfield Horn Professor
Texas Tech University
Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
December 5, 2014
Supervision
• Introduction
• Supervision Definition
• Supervision Theories/Models
– Psychotherapeutic Model of Supervision
– Behavioral Model of Supervision
– Solution Focused Model of Supervision
– Integrative Model of Supervision
• Supervisor Roles
Supervisor Roles
Consultation
Teaching
Advocacy
Counseling
Evaluation
Supervision
• Codes of Ethics
–
–
–
–
–
AMHCA
ASCA
ASGW
IAMFC
NCDA
• Competencies
– Advocacy Competencies
• http://www.counseling.org/resources/competencies/advocacy_co
mpetencies.pdf
– Multicultural Competencies
• http://www.counseling.org/resources/competencies/advocacy_co
mpetencies.pdf
Supervision
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relationship Supervisor/Supervisee
– Trust
– Working Alliance
Stages of Supervision Relationship
– Early Stage
– Middle Stage
– Ending Stage
Rubrics
– -Rubrics
– Feedback
Realistic Expectations
Critical Support
– Critical Incident
– Complexity Real-Life Cases
Case Studies
– Case 1
– Case 2
Documentation
– Document
– Document
References
American Counseling Association. (2014) ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
American Mental Health Counseling Association. (2010). AMHCA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Bernard, J . M., & Goodyear, R. K. (2013). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and
Bacon.
Borders, L. D., & Leddick, G. R. (2006). The New Handbook of Counseling Supervision. Alexandria, VA:
Association for Counselor Education and Supervision.
Bradley, L., Hendricks, B., Whiting, P., &Rhodes, K. (2010). Overview of counselor supervision. In N. Ladaney &
L. Bradley, Counselor Supervision: Principles, process and practice (4th ed.) (pp.3-15). Philadelphia, PA:
Taylor & France.
Corey, G., Haynes, R., Moulton, P., & Muratori, M. (2014). Clinical supervision in the helping professions: A
practical guide. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Costa, L. (1994). Reducing anxiety in live supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 30-40.
Cottone, R. R., & Claus, R. E. (2000). Ethical decision-making models: A review of the literature. Journal of
Counseling and Development, 78, 275-283.
Form, R. (2014). Standardizing the pre-licensure supervision process. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22,
176-190.
Goldberg, R., Dixon, A., & Wolf, C. (2012). Facilitating effective triadic supervision: An adapted model for an
underutilized supervision approach. The Clinical Supervisor, 31, 42-60.
References
Gray, N., & Erikson, P. (2014). Standardizing the pre-licensure supervision process: A commentary on advocating
for the direct observation of skills. The Professional Counselor, 3, 34-39.
Hendricks, B., Bradley, L. J., Southern, S., Oliver, N., & Birdsall, B. (2011). Ethical code for the international
association of marriage and family counselors. Family Journal, 19, 217–224.
Ladeny, N., & Bradley, L. (2010). Counselor supervision: Principles, process and practice (4th edition). New York:
Taylor and Francis.
Nelson, M. (2000). An integrated approach for supervising mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health
Counseling, 22, 45-58.
Pearson, Q. M. (2004). Getting the most out of clinical supervision: Strategies for mental health. Journal of
Mental Health Counseling, 26, 361-373.
Ray, D. C., Jayne, K. M., Miller, R. M. (2014). Master Counselors as teachers: Clinical practices of counselor
educators. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 36(1), 78-94.
Smith, K. L. (2009). SA brief summary of supervision models. Gallaudet University.
Whiting, P., Parr, G., & Bradley, L. (2010). School counseling supervision: A crossroads opportunity for vision. In
N. Ladany & L. Bradley, Counselor Supervision: Principles, process and practice (4th ed.) (pp.223-261).
Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & France.
Wood, C., & Rayle, A. D. (2011). A model of school counseling supervision: The goals, functions, roles and
system models. Counselor Education and Supervision, 45, 253-266.