Transcript Slide 1

Unit 6: Accelerating Global
Change and Realignments
6.1 Science and the Environment
6.2 Global Conflicts and their
Consequences
6.3 New Conceptualizations of
Global Economy, Society, & Culture
Article Packet: World War I and Its Consequences
1. How many soldiers participated in WWI? How many were killed and
wounded? What countries/regions of the world contributed soldiers?
2. According to Marks, what were the immediate causes for war? What
country was primarily to blame? What evidence does Marks use to support
this claim?
3. What does Marks mean by “young” and “old” states? How does this factor
into the causes of war?
4. List five of the developments within Germany that Marks says developed
since unification and contributed to the outbreak of WWI.
5. How was imperialism a cause of war?
6. How was the European power balance shifting as WWI approached?
7. What were some social/intellectual/popular ideas that contributed to WWI?
8. What part did the alliance systems that formed play in WWI?
9. Read the quote on page 382. According to O’Shea, what were the effects
of WWI on the rest of the 20th century? Do you agree? Please explain.
On the
eve of
WWI,
where
were the
brewing
conflicts?
Europe on the eve of World War I, 1914
July 1914
It began with the assassination of the heir to the AustroHungarian throne, archduke Franz Ferdinand, in the city of
Sarajevo. The act was carried out by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo
Princip, a member of the secret organization "Mlada Bosna"
(Young Bosnia), whose aim was Bosnia's independence from
Austria-Hungary. The assassination was a formal excuse for
Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia. Soon Germany, Russia,
France, and Britain would be drawn into the war.
Archduke Franz (Francis) Ferdinand
and Duchess Sophia just before the
shooting
,
Gavrilo Princip, on trial for the murder of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand and his wife, arrives at court .
Austria-Hungary
sends “ultimatum”
to Serbia
Serbia is
unable to
comply
The Steps
to WWI
Germany goes
through Belgium to
invade France, so
Britain declares war
on Germany
France declares
war on AustriaHungary and
Germany
The Ottomans join the
Central Powers to harm
old enemy Russia
Austria
declares war
on Serbia
Russia
declares war
on AustriaHungary
Germany
declares war
on Russia and
France
The Germany Army Chief
of Staff, Alfred von
Schlieffen was asked to
plan a way of preventing a
war on two fronts. His
initial plan was produced
late in 1905. He believed
that it was a priority to
defeat France quickly,
forcing them to surrender
before Russia had a
chance to mobilize their
armed forces.
Von Schlieffen
The Schlieffen Plan
Overview
In 1914, German leaders knew Russia’s entry into
the war was extremely likely. If Russia declared war,
Germany assumed France would also attack because
of the Russian-French alliance and because French
nationalists wanted revenge for losses in the FrancoPrussian war.
German leaders were concerned about a two-front
war, meaning they would have to divide forces
between fighting the Russians in the east and the
French in the west.
Germany planned to defeat France
rapidly and then turn to the eastern
front for a major offensive on
Russia. This was the basis for the
Schlieffen Plan.
In full knowledge of French defenses, Schlieffen proposed
attacking France through Holland, Belgium and
Luxembourg – the Benelux countries. Schlieffen planned
to use 90% of German military forces to deliver a knock
out blow to France. The remaining 10% would defend the
eastern border of Germany against Russian attack.
Assumptions Made by Germany
*Russia would take at least 6 weeks to mobilize.
*France would be easily defeated in 6 weeks.
*Belgium would not resist any German attack.
*Britain would remain neutral.
Germany was wrong on
all four counts.
What Really Happened
On 2nd August 1914, the German army invaded
Luxembourg and Belgium according to the Schlieffen
Plan.
The Germans were held up by the Belgian army,
backed up by the BEF (British Expeditionary Force)
which arrived extremely quickly.
Russia mobilized in just 10 days and Germany was
forced to withdraw troops from the Schlieffen Plan to
defend the eastern border.
German
students
going to
enlist at
the
beginning
of the war
German soldiers
Timeline of Events – WWI
1914
•Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28)
•Austria declared war on Serbia (July 28)
•Battle of Tannenberg began on the eastern front in August; Russia
suffered a disastrous defeat; 30,000 soldiers killed and 9,200
prisoners taken
•Battle of the Marne on the western front; people began to realize
this would be a long and costly war (September)
1915
•Gallipoli Campaign began on April 25; however, this allied
offensive against Turkey and Austria-Hungary failed.
1916
•The Battles of Verdun and the Somme on the western front were
both costly and inconclusive.
*Verdun – 11 month battle; ½ million lost on both sides
*Somme – 5 month battle; over 1 million killed; the British
first use the tank in battle.
1. What do you
observe in
this photo?
2. Does the
photo seem
like natural
evidence or
staged?
3. What can
you deduce
about the
early years
of the war?
Allied troops landing in war-torn Belgium
The Battle of the Somme
The Somme Today
Russian
peasants
“volunteering”
Prisoners of War
Poison gas was used, making WWI
the first modern war in which
chemical warfare was used.
The Landship
Its codename “ tank” was given because the
shape of the shell resembled water carriers. The
name stuck and was assigned in December 1915.
The tank was first used by the British in WWI.
In 1914 the Allies had 220 airplanes, the Central Powers 258. The
Germans also used Zeppelins and by 1918 had over 100 of these
airships capable of bombing missions. The German Fokker aircraft
was an early example of a successful fighter plane. At first pilots
used rifles and pistols in air battles, although machine guns were
soon introduced.
1917
•The Russian Revolution began in March
•The United States entered the war in April; fresh
troops increased allied morale
1918
•The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany
and Russia was signed in March; Russia then
withdrew from the war
•The last German offensive took place in spring,
but an allied counteroffensive finally defeated the
German army
•Armistice began November 11, 1918
1919
•The Paris Peace Conference began in January
Territories surrendered by
Soviet Russia due to
Brest-Litovsk Treaty with
Germany.
The Russians lost more than
300,000 square miles of territory
and in excess of 50 million
people. Of greater significance,
however, was the loss of huge
sources of iron and coal in the
ceded areas. From the Allied
perspective, the treaty was a
disaster in that it allowed the
Germans to transfer soldiers to
the Western Front, where they
immediately gained numerical
superiority.
At first, Woodrow Wilson did not want to spend too much
presidential time on foreign affairs. When Europe
plunged into war in 1914, Wilson, who like many
Americans believed in neutrality, saw America's role as
that of a peace broker. The sinking of the passenger liner
Lusitania by a German U-boat helped to shatter that
hope.
The Lusitania, though a British ship, had many American
passengers aboard. This incident, along with the
Zimmerman Note, started to change public opinion about
entry into the war.
Wilson demanded an apology from Germany and stayed
his neutral course as long as possible. Germany's
unrestricted submarine warfare, however, started to turn
the tide of public opinion. At the start of 1917, British
intelligence intercepted the Zimmerman telegram, a secret
German communication to Mexico promising United States
territory to Mexico in return for supporting the German
cause. On April 2, 1917, Wilson finally asked Congress for a
formal declaration of war.
American soldiers, called the Dough Boys
British soldiers
Australian trench
Australian artillery
Propaganda:
1.The spreading of ideas, information, or
rumor for the purpose of helping or
injuring an institution, cause, or person.
2. Ideas, facts, or allegations spread
deliberately to further one’s cause or
damage an opposing cause.
Important: Total war means the
government must get the entire
population behind the war effort. This
means intense propaganda campaigns.
As you analyze this WWI
propaganda, think about what
tactics are being used. Are specific
groups targeted in different posters?
What clues about society – and pop
culture – are revealed?
1.
2.
1.
3.
4.
The United States
Germany
5.
“I ring war, I sing war
with open hand
protect the land.”
8th warloan
Great Britain
6.
Austria-Hungary
"We did our duty,
you do yours!"
The Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles
•Kaiser William II abdicated in November of 1918 and
Germany was declared a republic (known as the Weimar
Republic)
•The Hapsburg monarchy and empire was dissolved
•The Allies divided the remains of the Ottoman Empire, and
also took control of German colonial territories
•Some terms of the Treaty of Versailles:
1. Germany was reduced in size
2. The German army was reduced in size
3. conscription was banned
4. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France
5. an independent Poland was re-established
6. Germany was to pay immense war-time
reparations (over $30 billion)
7. League of Nations founded (though this was
Wilson’s idea, the U.S. never joined)
•The map of Europe was re-drawn. Some new nations (or re-established nations)
included:
-Finland
-Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
-Poland
-Czechoslovakia
-Yugoslavia (dominated by Serbia)
• Other effects and outcomes of WWI:
-Over 8 ½ millions soldiers killed, about 20 million soldiers wounded,
about 13 million civilians killed
-Increased social and political instability in Europe (remember, the
governments of Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman
Empire had collapsed)
-Persecution and genocide of Armenians in Turkey began
during WWI and continued after the war. About one million Armenians
were killed during this time.
-WWI actually helped the U.S. economy – U.S. business men before 1917
did business with both sides
-Plus, the U.S. was not as devastated by the war as European nations.
-More women in the workforce – women in the U.S. and most western
nations got the right to vote after the war.
The Allies meet in Paris to work out a
peace agreement at the end of the war.
In Depth Article: Total War (page 696 of text)
1. Define “total war.”
2. How does the concept of total war help explain
the use of terrorist and guerilla tactics?
3. What are the features of total war? (list at
least 5)
4. How does total war affect civilization long
term? In what ways do you see the affects of
total war in our present society?