Transcript World War I

World War I
1914-1918
Background
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World War I was
called the “war to
end all wars”
called the Great War
because Millions
died or were maimed
1914-1918 (you
need to know this
date!)
MAIN Causes
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militarism
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European countries began building up weapons & supplies
alliances
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defense agreements among countries w/similar interests
Imperialism
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industrialized nations like Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Germany,
Russia, & Italy needed new markets & new colonies
nationalism
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French wanted revenge for the loss of Alsace & Lorraine in the FrancoPrussian War
many Slavic people wanted their independence from Austria-Hungary
in 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the Turkish provinces of Bosnia &
Herzegovina
Alliances
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Three Emperors’ League was organized in 1873 by Bismarck & included Germany,
Austria-Hungary, & Russia, but Germany did not renew this alliance
Dual Alliance in 1879 was between Germany & Austria-Hungary
Triple Alliance in 1882 was among Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy
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(Note: During WWI, the TA became known as the Central Powers w/the Ottoman Empire;
Italy changed sides in 1916)
Entente Cordiale was a friendly understanding in 1904 between Britain & France
Triple Entente in 1907 was among Britain, France, & Russia
(Note: The TE became known as the Allied Powers during WWI w/the US & Italy)
The Balkans
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the Balkan Peninsula is
located on the southeastern
peninsula of Europe & there
had been many ethnic
problems in this area
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Serbia was considered as the
troublemaker in the Balkans
this area was known as the
“powder keg of Europe”
because of all the minor
disturbances in this area &
many
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people felt that it would
only take a “spark” to cause
a major war
The Spark
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on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis
Ferdinand, the heir to AH throne, was
assassinated by a terrorist
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although the assassination occurred in
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary
immediately blamed Serbia
A-H was encouraged by the German
emperor, William II who was guaranteed
of a blank check, or total German support
of whatever Austria-Hungary would do
on July 23, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia
48 hours to agree to an ultimatum, or a
final set of conditions before going to
war, which said Serbia was:
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to stop all anti-Austrian activity
responsible for the assassination
not to allow any Austrian publication
to allow any Austrian official to
investigate and try any Serbian involved
Serbia had a problem because b/c by:
accepting the ultimatum, Serbia would go
under Austrian rule or rejecting it, would
cause war
More Sparking
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Serbia accepted all but the last of the
demands, so Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia on July 28, 1914
A-H & Serbia both began mobilization, or
getting troops & weapons ready for war
Russia immediately supported Serbia &
on July 30, Czar Nicholas II began
mobilizing & Germany then declared war
on Russia on August 1
Germany declared war on France on
August 4
the German army then marched through
Luxembourg & demanded to march
through Belgium, which claimed its
neutrality (for neither side), b/c it claimed
that France would go through it to attack
Germany
Britain declared war on Germany on
August 4 for violating Belgian neutrality
The world is now at war for the next
four years.
The War
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Germany had a plan for war
called the Schliefflen Plan,
where they would quickly defeat
France & then turn their army
against Russia, avoiding a 2
front war, where a country
would have to fight different
countries on their borders
on September 5, the German &
French troops met at 50 miles
outside Paris at the Battle of the
Marne River, which the French
won, saving Paris, & this battle
signaled the war would be a
long one
this was the beginning of the
stalemate, or a deadlock
situation where neither side can
move further
Western Front
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by early 1915, each side tried to
wear down the other w/constant
attacks so trench warfare
developed
deep ditches were dug where
soldiers lived for months unless
ordered to go over the top to
attack the enemy
soldiers went through no man’s
land (barbed wire with land
mines)
trenches were filled w/water,
rats, &disease
New Weapons
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bi-planes were 2 man airplanes equipped
w/machine guns & bombs that were
usually hand dropped by the co-pilot
a. dogfights were battles in the skies
between planes
machine guns were rapid fire weapons
that would mow down the enemy, but
often jammed causing harm to the
operator
Big Berthas were huge cannons that
could fire at 20 mile ranges to strike the
enemy’s lines
tanks were armored vehicle that moved
on tracks & were equipped w/a cannon;
not very effective b/c they were hard to
maneuver
poison gas (mustard gas) was a yellowish
green gas that was dropped in canisters by
airplanes which caused blindness, damage
to the lungs & windpipe & often death
submarines were a German invention
which aided by periscope allowed the
crew to spot enemy ships & to torpedo
them, causing millions of $ in Allied
shipping
US Enters the War
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at the beginning of the war, the US was neutral but favored the Allies b/c of
British propaganda,
in May, 1915, the Germans sank the British passenger liner, the Lusitania,
off the coast of Ireland, killing over 1200 people
on Feb.1, 1917, Germany announced its policy of unrestricted submarine
warfare where Germany would sink any Allied or neutral ship in the
Atlantic Ocean
in March, 1917, American newspapers printed the Zimmerman Telegram, a
message from the German foreign minister Zimmerman promised that if
Mexico would support Germany, then Germany would help Mexico regain
SW US
End of War
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on April 2, 1917, Wilson went
before Congress & asked for a
declaration of war by saying “make
the world safe for democracy”
General John J. Pershing led the
AEF or American Expeditionary
Forces which included over 2million
soldiers who went to Europe &
turned the tide for the Allies
American soldiers were called
doughboys
on November 9, 1918, William II
abdicated & a republic was
established in Germany
on Nov. 11, 1918, at 11:00 AM,
Germany signed an armistice, or an
agreement to end the fighting
World War I is now over.
Effects of the War
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1st time women played an important role in
civilian jobs, taking the place of men in factories
& businesses
nearly 9 million soldiers died & 21 million were
wounded
13 million civilians died
4 empires collapsed—Ottoman, AustroHungarian, German, & Russian
Germany was made into a second class country
Peace Settlement
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most of the peace
settlement was done in
Paris by the Big Four:
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Woodrow Wilson – US
Vittorio Orlando –
Italy
Georges Clemenceau
– France
David Lloyd George Britain
Wilson wanted a
peace treaty based on
his Fourteen Points,
which would place no
blame, but he was
outvoted
Fourteen Points
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Before the end of the war, Wilson addressed
Congress on his 14 points for peace
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Open treaties
Freedom of seas
Removal of trade barriers
Reduction of armaments
Adjustment of colonial claims with regard to native
people
6-13. readjust European boundaries to acknowledge
ethnicity
14. League of Nations
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Treaty of
Versailles
German army was reduced in size
banned the manufacture of German
weapons
Alsace & Lorraine were returned to
France
Allied forces would control the
Rhineland
Germany lost all of its colonies
Germany was to pay for the cost of the
war--$32 billion
League of Nations was established to
settle future problems
German was to blame for WWI—war
guilt clause
9 New Nations formed:
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Finland
Estonia
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Latvia
Lithuania
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Poland
Czechoslovakia
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Austria
Hungary
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Yugoslavia
Although the Treaty of Versailles was
designed to solve the problems of
WWI, it created even more problems
during the 1920’s – 1940’s.
Other Results
• Almost an entire generation of men killed, less marriage
and children, Birth rate declined in Europe
• Italy and Japan angry at not receiving territory
• Ottoman Empire reduced to present-day Turkey
• Austria-Hungarian Empire dissolved
• New Nations: Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
• Russia lost territory to Romania and Poland; Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland gained independence
• Poland restored, given a “Polish Corridor” to Baltic
• Ottoman Empire divided into mandates; GB controlled
Iraq and Pakistan, France controlling Syria and Lebanon