Transcript Managing the Digital Firm
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e
Chapter 6
6.1
Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Objectives
1. Capabilities of computer hardware and computer software.
2. Major issues in the management of hardware and software assets.
6.2
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Hardware components of a computer system
6.3
Figure 6-1 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
Bit • Binary digit • Represents 0 or 1 Byte • String of eight bits • Stores one number, symbol, character, part of picture
6.4
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Bits and bytes
6.5
Figure 6-2 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Arithmetic-Logic Unit: Perform principle logical/mathematical operations • Control Unit (CU): Control and coordinate other parts of computer
– Machine Cycle: The series of operations required to process a single machine instruction.
6.6
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The CPU and primary storage
6.7
Figure 6-3 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
Primary Storage • Located near CPU • Stores all or part of active software programs • Stores operating system programs • Stores data the programs are using
6.8
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
The Computer System
Primary Storage
• Composed of semi-conductors – Integrated circuits (ICs) made by printed tiny transistors on small silicon chips.
• RAM (random access memory) – Used for short-term, temporary storage.
– Any randomly chosen location can be accessed in the same amount of time.
– Memory is lost, when power is off.
• ROM (read-only memory) – Semiconductor memory chips with burn-in program instructions.
– Store important and frequent use programs.
6.9
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Computer Processing
Microprocessors • Semiconductor chips integrate memory, logic, and control circuits for an entire CPU onto a single chip.
• Speed depends on – Number of bits processed at one time (word length).
– Amount of data that can be moved between CPU, primary storage, and other devices (data bus width).
– Cycle speed (MHz, millions of cycles per second).
• RISC (reduced instruction set computing) increases speed by embedding frequently used instructions in a CPS.
– Can execute multiple instructions in a single machine cycle.
– Used for scientific, workstation computing.
6.10
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Computer Processing
Parallel processing • Multiple CPUs work simultaneously on same problem by breaking down a problem into smaller parts (with a special software).
• More than one instruction processed at a time
• Massively parallel computers: use hundreds, thousands of inexpensive and commonly used processing chips.
6.11
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Sequential and parallel processing
6.12
Figure 6-4 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Secondary Storage Technology
• Used for relatively long-term storage of data outside CPU.
• Nonvolatile and retain data even when the power is off.
• Devices: – Magnetic disk: floppies, hard disks, removable disk drives, RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) – Optical disk (compact disks, CD, or laser optical disks): CD-ROM (compact disk read-only memory, up to 700 MB), CD-RW (CD ReWrite), DVD (digital video disk or digital versatile disk, 4.7 GB minimum) – Magnetic tape (inexpensive, sequential access) 6.13
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Storage Networking
• Enable firms to manage all storage resources centrally by providing an overall storage plan for all storage devices in the enterprise.
• Storage networking arrangements: – direct-attached storage: storage devices are connected and accessed directly through a server. Access bottleneck is possible.
– network-attached storage (NAS): RAID with a dedicated server.
– storage area networks (SAN): dedicated high-speed storage network. SAN creates a large pool of storage that can be shared by multiple servers and users.
6.14
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
A storage area network (SAN)
6.15
Figure 6-5 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Input and Output Devices
• Input devices: Gather data and convert them into electronic form for computer use.
• Output devices: Display data after they are processed.
©
2005 by Prentice Hall 6.16
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Input Devices
• Keyboard and mouse • Touch screen • Optical character recognition (OCR) • Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) • Pen-based input • Digital scanner • Audio input • Sensors • Radio-frequency identification (RFID) 6.17
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Output Devices • Cathode-ray tube (CRT) or video display terminals (VDTs) • Printers • Audio output
6.18
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Batch Processing
• Accumulates and stores transactions in group or batch until time to process them • Found primarily in older systems for occasional reporting • Use tape storage
Online Processing
• Transactions processed immediately • Use disk storage 6.19
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Computer Hardware and Information Technology Infrastructure
Storage, Input, and Output Technology
Interactive Multimedia • Integrates sound, video or animation, graphics, text into computer based application.
• Foundation of new consumer products and services: e-books, e newspapers, e-classrooms, video conferencing, imaging design, video/voice mails.
• Streaming technology: Technology for transferring and processing data as a steady and continuous stream.
• New compression standards: MP3 (MPEG3), Motion Picture Experts Group, audio layer 3. Compress audio files down to one-tenth or one twelfth of their original size with virtually no loss in quality.
6.20
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Classifying Computers
• Mainframe: Largest computer with massive memory and rapid processing power; handles massive amounts of data and complicated processes; used for large business, scientific, military applications.
• Midrange computer: Smaller, less expensive minicomputers or servers; used for smaller organizations or managing networks of other computer.
– Minicomputers: research labs.
Used in systems for universities, factories, – Servers: Manage internal company networks or Web sites.
• Server Farm: Large group of servers maintained by a commercial vendor and made available to subscribers for e-commerce and other activities requiring heavy use of servers.
6.21
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Classifying Computers
• Personal computer:
Portable or desktop microcomputer.
• Workstation:
More powerful desktop computer used for computation-intense tasks such as mathematical and graphical processing.
• Supercomputer:
forecasting.
Sophisticated, powerful computer used for tasks requiring rapid, complex calculations; weapons research, weather 6.22
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Computer Networks and Client/Server Computing
• Distributed processing: Distribution of processing work among multiple computers.
– Client/server computing: Splits processing between “clients” and “servers” on network.
• Centralized processing: Accomplished by one large central computer.
6.23
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Client/server computing
6.24
Figure 6-6 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Types of client/server computing
6.25
Figure 6-7 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Categories of Computers and Computer Systems
Network Computers and Peer-to-Peer Computing
• Network computer (NC): downloaded as needed.
Simplified desktop computer, does not store data permanently; minimal memory, storage, and processor power; software and application are • Peer-to-peer computing: Distributed processing that links computers through Internet or private networks; computers work together without a server or any central controlling authority. (Examples: Kazaa) – Grid computing: Applies unused computational resources of many networked computers to solve a large, complex problem. (Examples: DNA project, Bank-One risk analysis) 6.26
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
• Software program: A series of statements or instructions to the computer
– Coding, programming, programmer, developer.
• Two major types of software:
– System software: Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources (system programmer) – Application software: Programs written for or by users to perform a specific task (application programmer) 6.27
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
The major types of software
6.28
Figure 6-8 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
• Operating system software: resources; controls memory, input, output, and task scheduling – Capabilities: multi-programming, virtual storage, time-sharing, multi-processing Manages the computer system, • Computer language translation programs: the computer can execute Compiles or interprets source code of high-level language programs (C, FORTRAN, BASIC) into object code - machine language • Utility programs: Perform routine, repetitive tasks such as copying, clearing primary storage 6.29
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
Operating System Capabilities
• Multiprogramming: programs Concurrent use of CPU by multiple • Virtual storage: Breaks programs into smaller portions to read as needed • Time-sharing: Allows many users to share CPU time • Multi-processing: Links two or more CPUs to work in parallel in single computer system 6.30
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
PC Operating Systems
• Software written for one OS generally cannot run on another
• Graphical User Interface (GUI):
Make extensive use of icons, buttons, bars, boxes, and windows to perform input tasks.
– Become dominant model for user interface for operating systems and applications.
6.31
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
System Software and PC Operating Systems
Leading PC Operating Systems
• Windows XP (eXPerience) Home / Professional • Windows 2000, high performance for network servers • Windows Server 2003, server OS • Windows 98/ME (priori to Windows XP) • Windows CE, for handheld and wireless devices • Unix, reliable, scalable, portable, multi-tasking, multi-processing, multi-user access, networking • Linux, unix OS for PCs, open-source software • Mac OS • DOS, 16-bit OS 6.32
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Application Programming Languages
Machine language C C++ 1 st generation; binary code; slow and labor intensive Operating systems; application software Object-oriented; application software 6.33
COBOL Visual Basic Business administration; alphanumeric processing; reporting (Common Business Oriented Language) Visual tool; Windows applications
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
6.34
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Application Programming Languages
FORTRAN BASIC Processing numeric data; scientific, engineering programs Used for teaching Pascal Used primarily for teaching programming Assembly language Second generation; close to machine language; system software
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
• Fourth generation languages: Enable end users to develop applications with minimal or no assistance; less procedural • Procedural languages: Require sequence of steps • Nonprocedural languages: sequence Specify tasks but not details on – Natural languages: speech Nonprocedural languages resembling human • Query languages : Software tools for providing online answers to information requests 6.35
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
6.36
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages
PC software tools Query language Report generator Graphics language General-purpose packages WordPerfect, Microsoft Access Retrieve data stored in databases or files SQL Retrieve data, more formatting control; Crystal Reports Retrieve data, graphics format SAS Graph; Systat
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
6.37
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Categories of Fourth-Generation Languages
Application generator Application software package Very high-level programming language Preprogrammed modules FOCUS, Microsoft FrontPage Commercial software replacing need for custom, in-house software PeopleSoft HCM, SAP R/3 Generate code with fewer instructions; productivity tool for programmers APL, Nomad2
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Object-Oriented Programming
• Combine data and methods (procedures) into one object • Objects are independent, reusable building blocks • Based on concepts of class and inheritance 6.38
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Class and inheritance
6.39
Figure 6-9 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
Java
• Object-oriented • Platform-independent • Robust; handles data, graphics, video, sound • Can create “applets”; often used on Web • Java applications tend to run slower than “native” programs 6.40
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Programming Languages and Contemporary Software Tools
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language; creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents (instructions are called tags) • XML (eXtensible Markup Language): Describes data as a web document for programs to use; provides standard format for data exchange (DTD, Document Type Definition; Ex., RosettaNet) • XHTML: definitions Reformulates HTML with XML document-type 6.41
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
• Word processing software: Store data electronically as a computer file; Create, format, print documents, spelling / grammar check, mail merge – Microsoft Word, WordPerfect • Desktop publishing software: photos Produce professional-quality documents with greater formatting, design capabilities for text, graphics, and – Adobe PageMaker, QuarkXpress • Spreadsheets: Display and store data in grid for calculating numerical data; recalculation, modeling, what-if analysis, break-even analysis – Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 • Data management software: Store, manipulate data in lists and databases; query, reporting – Microsoft Access, Oracle, Sybase 6.42
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Text and the spell-checking option in Microsoft Word
6.43
Figure 6-10 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Spreadsheet software
6.44
Figure 6-11 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Data management software
6.45
Figure 6-12 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Application Software Packages and Productivity Software
• Presentation graphics: Paint-Shop-Pro Create professional-quality graphics and multimedia presentations – Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance Graphics, Aldus Persuasion, • Integrated Software Packages and Suites: Combine two or more applications; easy data transfer – Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, StarOffice • E-mail software: Computer exchange of messages; broadcast, forward, attachment • Web browsers: Access and display Web, Internet resources • Groupware: Support activities of workgroups; group writing and commenting, info sharing, e-meeting, scheduling, e-mail – Microsoft Office (business version), Lotus Notes, LiveLink (OpenText), Groov (peer-to-peer) 6.46
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business
• Enterprise software: Integrates multiple business processes • Legacy system: System in place for long time • Middleware: Software that connects two disparate systems; in-house or vendor solution • Enterprise application integration (EAI) software: Middleware to create hub connecting applications and application clusters – WebMethods, Tibco, CrossWorlds, SeeBeyond, BEA, Vitria 6.47
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Enterprise application integration (EAI) software versus traditional integration
6.48
Figure 6-13 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Software for Enterprise Integration and E-Business
• Web services:
Universal standards using Internet technology for exchanging data between systems
• Web server:
Manages requests for Web pages on computer where they are stored
• Application server:
Middleware software handling application operations between user and back-end business systems 6.49
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
A multitiered architecture for e-commerce and e-business
6.50
Figure 6-14 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Window on Technology
Application Integration to the Rescue
• How can enterprise application integration and Web services technology provide value for organizations?
• What management, organization, and technology issues should be addressed when making the decision about whether to use these technologies?
6.51
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Hardware Technology Requirements For Electronic Commerce and the Digital Firm
• Selection and use of computer hardware and software technology can have a profound impact on business performance.
• Capacity planning: Process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated – Max users, future software applications, min response time (Ex. Nasdaq) • Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a larger number of users without breaking down 6.52
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets
• Includes both direct and indirect costs • Hardware and software acquisitions account for only 20% of TCO • TCO for a PC may run to three times original purchase price • Hidden costs can make distributed architecture more expensive than centralized mainframes – Support staff, down time, network management 6.53
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Cost Components
• Hardware acquisition • Software acquisition • Installation • Training • Support • Maintenance • Infrastructure • Downtime • Space and energy 6.54
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
• Storage service provider (SSP): Provides online access to storage devices and storage area network technology – Availability, reliability, flexibility, response time.
• Application service provider (ASP): Delivers applications over networks on subscription basis – Payroll, HR, sales force automation, financial management, benefit, tax calculation • Management service provider: Manages applications, systems, security, storage, Web sites, system performance 6.55
©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Types of Software
Model of an Application Service Provider (ASP)
6.56
Figure 6-15 ©
2005 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 6e Chapter 6 Hardware and Software in the Enterprise
Managing Hardware and Software Assets
Rent or Build Decisions: Using Technology Service Providers
• Business continuity provider:
Defines procedures for recovery from system malfunctions, disaster recovery
• Utility computing (on-demand computing, usage based pricing; IBM):
Model in which companies pay only for resources used in a specific time period 6.57
©
2005 by Prentice Hall