Transcript Supreme Court Cases

The French & Indian War
What you need to know
• Why French settled Quebec
• Causes of French & Indian War
• How Treaty of Paris impacted:
– Britain
– France
– Native Americans
• Proclamation of 1763
• How British financial problems hurt
colonies
British & French Rivalry
• 1700s—Britain and France struggled
to be world’s strongest empire
• Each had colonies all over the world
• One place they fought over was Ohio
River Valley
French Colonies in America
• 1608—French set up Quebec colony
• 1 year after Jamestown
• Became very wealthy from fur trading
• In 1600s—French ended up claiming
all of Mississippi River valley
• Named it Louisiana (for King Louis XIV)
French Colonies in America
• New France was very different from
British colonies
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Fur trappers & traders
Priests to convert natives
Friendly with local native tribes
Didn’t build big cities – big difference in
population (F – 70,000 vs. B – 1,000,000)
British & French Rivalry
• Both Brits & French expanded toward
each other’s territory
• They both wanted fur trading rights
• VERY PROFITABLE
The
st
1
battle – 1754
• French built Ft. Duquesne (modern
Pittsburgh) on land VA had claimed
• VA sent troops to defend land claims
led by 22 y/o Col. George Washington
The
st
1
battle – 1754
• Washington built Ft. Necessity 40
miles from Ft. Duquesne
• Attacked the French
• They fought, French won
The
nd
2
battle – 1755
• 1 yr later British Gen Ed Braddock’s
troops attacked Ft. Duquesne
• French & their Native allies ambushed
them, British ran away
French and Natives
• Many native tribes helped French
• Added big numbers to French army
• Knew land better
• Taught guerrilla warfare (nobody fought
that way in Europe)
• French win battles for 2 years
British colonies react
• British colonists question strength of
British army
• New Brit Prime Minister – William Pitt
• Enough is enough – began to win battles
• Some native tribes began helping Brits
• 1759—Brits take Quebec—basically
ends war
Treaty of Paris 1763
• Brits get all land E of Mississippi R
• French get land W of Mississippi R
• And some Caribbean islands
• Natives biggest losers in war
• Easier for them when French were there
Native revolts
• Chief Pontiac led battle against
British forts – took over 8 forts
• British asked for negotiation
• As peace offering, British gave
natives blankets w/smallpox on them
• Disease wiped out, British finished off
Proclamation of 1763
• Attempt to avoid
battles with natives
• British banned
settlement W of
Appalachians
• Colonists wanted
the land—they
ignored the rule
Colonial resentment
• Colonists hated Proclamation
• British fighting colonial expansion –
colonists felt the British did not care
about them?
• British cracked down on smuggling
• Searched homes, businesses & ships
British financial issues
• British send 10,000 troops to America
• Defend against natives & former French
• Colonists were scared that army
would actually suppress them
• British were increasing spending on
military – financial problems
Sugar Act
• Cut tax on sugar
• Hoping colonists will buy legal sugar
from British colonies
• Increase penalties for smuggling
• Criminals tried in British courts instead
of colonial courts
• Colonists hated rule placed on them
from outside
What you need to know
• Why French settled Quebec
• Causes of French & Indian War
• How Treaty of Paris impacted:
– Britain
– France
– Native Americans
• Proclamation of 1763
• How British financial problems hurt
colonies
The Stirrings of Rebellion
What you need to know
• Stamp Act
• Colonial responses to Stamp Act
– Stamp Act Congress
– Sons of Liberty
– 1st Continental Congress
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Boston Massacre
Committees of Correspondence
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
1st Continental Congress
Lexington and Concord
Britain’s financial problems
• Arrangement British always had
with the colonies:
• Colonies send raw goods to Britain,
creating a profit
• British army & navy protect colonies
• Colonies pay taxes to colony only
• No taxes paid to London
Britain’s financial problems
• After F&I War, Britain was in debt
• War cut into British profits
• Costs lots of money for war supplies
• War shuts down farms & industry
Britain’s financial problems
• Britain decided to change its
arrangement with the colonies
• Need to set up new taxes to pay debt
The Stamp Act
• Required a stamp on all paper
documents
• Legal documents (contracts, licenses, etc)
• Newspapers & magazines
• Dice & playing cards
• Affected all colonists—rich & poor
The colonists react
• Colonists become angry because:
• British citizens elect reps to Parliament
• Parliament establishes taxes with
people’s consent
• Colonies didn’t get reps in Parliament
• They shouldn’t have to pay taxes
unless they get to elect reps too
The colonists react
• Massachusetts
• Sons of Liberty
• Secret org of Boston men led by
Samuel Adams (rich & poor)
• Harassed anyone who collected tax
money or enforced the tax
• Caused many people who were tired
of harassment to resign
The colonists react
• Virginia
• House of Burgesses
• Led by Patrick Henry
• Colonial legislature voted that only
Virginia colony could tax Virginians
• (basically just a symbolic vote—not
as if British Parliament really cared)
Stamp Act Congress
• Reps from 9 colonies met in NYC
• Sent Parliament the Declaration of
Rights & Grievances
• “no taxation w/o representation”
• Very significant; first time colonies
really worked together as a unit
Regular colonists react
• Colonial merchants refused to
import British goods
• Regular colonists boycotted
anything British
• Began to see selves as citizens of
the colony more than of Britain
Townshend Acts
• Taxes sponsored by British
politician Charles Townshend
• Taxes on specific goods that were
imported from Britain
• Glass / Lead / Paint / Paper / TEA
Townshend Acts response
• Most colonists participate in boycott
• Samuel Adams led revolts
• Women participated in boycott:
• Wove cloth instead of buying it
• Made tea from bark (?)
The Liberty
• Ship owned by John Hancock
• British looking for imported
(smuggled) wine seized ship
• Angered citizens of Boston—riots
• British used soldiers to clamp
down on Boston
Boston Massacre—1770
• British soldiers patrolled streets
• Colonists not used to being watched
• Soldiers allowed to get jobs on the
side for extra money
• Employers scared to say no to them
• Cost regular people jobs
Boston Massacre—1770
• Fight began over soldiers taking
jobs away from colonists
• Colonists taunted soldiers
• Soldiers fired into crowd, killed 5
• Sam Adams & others publicized event
Crispus Attucks
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First person to die in Massacre
Worked on the docks in Boston
Was in crowd taunting soldiers
Thought to be ½ African ½ Native
Not much known about him at all
Committees of Correspondence
• British ship hunting smugglers
attacked by colonists from RI
• Colonists burn up the ship
• Suspects taken to London for trial
Committees of Correspondence
• Colonists angry suspects taken
back to London for trial
• Groups set up (C of C) to
communicate among all the
colonies about British oppression
Tea Act
• Boycotts on tea caused sales to drop
• Tons of tea sitting in warehouses
• Tea had always been sold to
importers in colonies in bulk amts
• Colonial importers would sell smaller
amts for a profit
Tea Act
• Parliament allowed British East India
Co. rights to sell tea directly to
consumers
• Cut out middleman—cheaper product
• Would cost jobs
• Colonists reacted violently
Boston Tea Party—1773
• Bostonians dressed as natives
• Boarded 3 BEI Co. ships in Boston
harbor, dumped 18,000 lbs of tea
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
• Parliament punished colonists
• Closed down Boston harbor
• Quartering Act—soldiers can stay in
peoples’ homes w/o their permission
• Massachusetts under martial law
• British called laws Coercive Acts
• Colonies called them Intolerable Acts
First Continental Congress
• Delegates from 12 colonies (not GA)
• Wrote declaration of colonial rights
• Decided they would defend each
other if one colony was attacked
War approaches
• Colonies began to gear up for war
• Militias formed in many small towns
• Began to stockpile weapons
Lexington & Concord—1775
• British Gen. Gage learned about
minuteman activity
• Sent soldiers to Lexington to seize
and destroy munitions there
• Also looking for Sam Adams and
John Hancock to arrest
Lexington & Concord—1775
• 700 British troops marched toward
towns of Lexington & Concord
• Paul Revere warned minutemen of
upcoming attack
Lexington & Concord—1775
• Lexington
• 70 minutemen met British, refused to
lay down arms
• British fired, 8 colonists died
Lexington & Concord—1775
• Concord
• British found empty arsenal
• They started to walk back to Boston,
got ambushed by militia
What you need to know
• Stamp Act
• Colonial responses to Stamp Act
– Stamp Act Congress
– Sons of Liberty
– 1st Continental Congress
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•
Boston Massacre
Committees of Correspondence
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
1st Continental Congress
Lexington and Concord