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Audio / Visual Aids:
definition, types,
principles and its use.
Dr.Pushpa Raj Sharma
Professor of Child Health
5th Feb. 2009
Objectives
• At the end of presentation we will be
able to:
– Define learning resources
– List learning resources
– Choose the most appropriate audio /
visual aids.
Define Learning
• The process by which relatively permanent
changes occur in behavioral potential as a
result of experience. (Anderson)
• The process of acquiring knowledge,
attitudes, or skills from study ,instruction,
or experience. (Miller &Findlay)
Define Resources
• The term, resources, is generally
used to describe funds.
• "A source of supply or support;
available means" (Webster’s).
– 3M
• In medical education it is used for
supports that helps in learning.
What are learning
resources?
• The inputs used in the process of
acquiring knowledge, attitudes, or
skills from study ,instruction, or
experience.
• They could be classified
– as electronic or non electronic.
LIGHT
• Links:
– Obvious and direct to our talk, discussion of
presentation.
• Intellegibility:
– Easy to understand and learn from.
• General style:
– Consistent style.
• Highlighting:
– Colour, text, underline
• Targeting:
– Knowledge and skills what students already
have
What are Audio-visual
aids?
• The term audio-visual aid refers to
anything that is used to help to convey
the message when communicating
audience.
• The spoken word is the teacher's main
communication tool.
• Its impact and effectiveness can be
greatly increased by the use of suitable
audio-visual aids
When selected and used properly,
how audio-visual aids help ?
• The interest of the audience can be
maintained if the teacher varies the
mode of presentation.
• When information is presented to
more than one sense (sight and
touch, for example, as well as
hearing), more is taken in and it is
better understood and remembered.
When selected and used
properly, how audio-visual aids
can help?
• Processes and concepts that are
difficult to express in words alone
can be explained.
• Pictures can have a more immediate
impact on our emotions than words.
One picture is worth of ten
thousand words:
Old Chinese Proverb.
What are the types of AUDIO
VISUAL AIDS?
• Non electric
– Books
– Handouts
– Chalk/marker and
board
– Nankeens
– Models
– Flip charts
• Electric
– Over head
projector
– Slide projector
– Computer with LCD
(Liquid Crystal
Display )
• Simulated patient
Can any one volunteer to use
chalk board /marker board?
Chalkboards: fixed or free
standing easel
Its uses:
• setting down the main headings/ concept
of a talk
• sketching simple drawings and diagrams
• noting points raised in questions and
discussion
• no electricity is needed
Chalkboards/ marker board:
Whiteboard / blackboard
• writing is large enough for someone at the
back of the audience
• before cleaning be sure it is copied
• headings and phrases are kept short
• lot of time with back to audience while
writing.
• drawing horizontal chalk lines for guidance
• coloured chalk emphasizes
Most people believe that a
presentation with visual aids is
more persuasive.
• improve communication effectiveness
• improve audience’s perceptions of
presenter
• improve speaker’s confidence
(A
Study of the Effects of the Use of Overhead Transparencies on Business Meetings, Wharton Applied Research Center, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, 1981;
Vogel, Douglas R., Gary W. Dickson, and John A. Lehman, Persuasion and the Role of Visual Presentation Support: The UM/3M Study,
1986) Support: 1986) ),
Overhead Projector
 Face to face contact with audience
• Projector located in front of room and
near speaker for easy access
• Can be used to focus audience's attention
• Effective in a fully-lighted room; audience
can follow handouts or take notes
• Ability to modify transparencies during
presentations
Overhead Projector
 Sequence of material can be modified
during presentation
• Unframed transparencies easy to store
and transport; easily fit in file folder
• Overlays can be used to simplify complex
information into layers
• Short lead time (minutes) for preparation
of transparencies
• Low cost of transparency material
Disadvantages of Overhead
Projectors
• Continuous tone color transparencies are costly
• Overhead projector is bulky and heavy to
transport
• Framed transparencies are bulky and difficult to
store
• Pages from books cannot be used effectively
without modification since text will usually be too
small for audience to read.
• Overhead projection is perceived as being "less
professional" than slides in a formal setting.
Presentation Techniques
for Overhead Projectors
• Design it on a computer and print out
? Colour (avoid yellow, orange and red).
• Use ON - OFF switch to focus attention
– ON to focus attention on visual
– OFF to focus attention on speaker
• Turn the projector off when you're not
using it for extended periods of time to
reduce distraction for audience.
Presentation Techniques
for Overhead Projectors
o Use projector stage like a chalkboard
» Acetate sheet or roll
» Water soluble transparency pen
o Notes for presentation can be:
» Projected with presentation
» Added in conjunction with presentation
» Revealed one point at a time
o Points in group discussions can be:
» Listed to verify communication
» Used to focus further discussion
Presentation Techniques
for Overhead Projectors
• Pointing for emphasis
– Concentrate attention on message being covered
– Use opaque shapes like pens, coins, arrows, etc.
• Highlighting
– Use pen of different color from original. (Be sure to use
water-soluble pen if you need to re-use the original
transparency.)
– Use underline, circle, arrow, check, bullet, star, etc. as
emphasis codes for your audience
• Progressive disclosure with opaque cover
– Reveal topics one point at a time
– Direct attention to point being covered
– Prevent distraction
Preparing transparencies
• The rule of six:
–
–
–
–
Six lines per transparencies
Six words per line
Six mm smallest letter size
Six cm (3+3 on each side) margin
Overhead Projection
Survival Kit
•
•
•
•
Extension Cord
Plug Adapter
Spare Bulb
Transparency Pen
Overhead
• Costly
• Movable
• Transparencies
prepared before
• Clean
• Needs electricity
• Face audience
always
Chalk board
• Cheap
• Fixed
• Written during
class
• Dusty
• Only day light
• Back facing during
writing
The wonder of PowerPoint
Presentation
• PowerPoint is not synonymous with
presenting or teaching, with visual
aids or even with a computer
projector. An effective presenter
must be familiar with, as Aristotle
put it 2500 years ago, “all the
available means of persuasion.”
(Rhetoric, 1355b, 25)
Things you can do with a
computer projector.
•
•
•
•
•
Demonstration.
Discussion or analysis
Animation or reference source.
Quotation for discussion.
You can project a white board that
allows for more free form
discussion.
PowerPoint, however, has
notable weaknesses.
• It's too easy to create slides.
• It wastes time.
• It takes too much control away from
the presenter.
• It makes for ugly presentations.
• It does not lend itself to
spontaneous discussions
PowerPoint, however, has
notable weaknesses.
• It too easily becomes a replacement for
the presenter, not a reinforcement.
• Presenters rely too much on the slides for
structure.
• Presenters fail to establish the
connections necessary to make their
message memorable.
• Presenters fail to establish ethos, their
most powerful appeal.
Why do we need to use audiovisual aids in your lesson?
• a. To maintain a high level of interest in
the lesson
• b. To get students to use the knowledge at
the beginning stages
• c. To promote greater student
participation
• d. They can be used at all levels of learning
Points to be considered
•
•
•
•
•
•
Quality of material to be used.
Appropriateness to the subject.
Group to whom it is to be used.
Availability of material
Availability of facilities for its use.
Manner in which it is to be used.
Audio & Video
Equipment:
– Load all speakers’ presentations onto
hard drive of one computer
– Have a back-up disk or CD-ROM of all
presentations.
Layout and Design:
• View your presentation on your computer
screen from a distance of 10 feet. If you
are having trouble reading your monitor,
the effect will be the same when
projected.
• Text placement should be consistent
• Make sure there is good contrast between
the text and background
Backgrounds:
• Stick with a single and simple
background. Too many "busy" items
distracts from the content.
Colours:
• Select colours that are easy on the
eye for several minutes of viewing
• Keep intense colours to a minimum
These are the actual
Text Size:
• Projected text should be large
enough to be read by all viewers
(even the people in the back of
the room).
– Headline text: 36-44
– Sub text: 34-36
– Second level text: 24-28
• 24 point is a minimum for most
situations.
Text Size:
• Remember, as text size decreases, it
becomes more difficult to read
• For individual playback, text size can
be reduced to no smaller than 12-14
points
• Try to keep sub text to 7 lines
Font Style:
• Select simple bold styles
• Select a standard system font. This helps
ensure visual consistency when the
presentation is displayed from a different
computer than the one it was created on.
• ALL CAPITALIZED LETTERS ARE
DIFFICULT TO READ AND SHOULD BE
AVOIDED.
Images:
• DO use images to supplement your
message
• DO use images to emphasize your
point
• DO NOT use an image as a space
filler
• DO NOT use redundant images
Animation:
• Animation can help focus the viewers
attention. But it should be kept
simple and used sparingly.
• Keep it in the same folder
Additional Presenter
Tips:
• Arrive early
• Check out the equipment, lights, and setup
• Get oriented to rooms, lighting, and A/V
• Brush up on giving your presentation
• Give yourself time to feel prepared and
confident
Let us see another real
audiovisual aid
• You can prepare it but you need
–
–
–
–
TO DEVELOP INTEREST
TAKE TRAINING TO PREPARE IT
HAVE TIME TO DEVELOP IT
HAVE EQUIPMENTS TO USE IT
• Proficiency in using audiovisual aids cannot be
learned from a book;
it comes only with
practice.
Types and uses of teaching materials
• Boards, flip charts Small groups, problem based
learning tutorials, workshops
• Lecture notes Small and large groups; help to
improve interactivity
• Overhead projector Small and large groups,
workshops, and interactive sessions
• 35 mm slides and PowerPoint
groups and lecture formats
Generally large
Types and uses of teaching materials
• Videos Good for clinical teaching in
larger groups (use film of patients);
also for teaching communication skills
and practical skills (students can keep
films for self appraisal)
• Life and plastic models Anatomy
teaching in small groups or for self
directed learning
Types and uses of teaching materials
• Computer assisted learning packages
Small groups with a tutor; large
groups in computer laboratories; self
directed learning
• Skills centres and simulators Small
groups learning clinical skills
The final points:
• Select the aids most in accordance
with your objective.
• Use the aids to reinforce your
message.
• Make sure that the audience will be
able to see and hear clearly
• Practice using the aids beforehand
Suggested further reading
• Farrow R. ABC of learning and teaching in
medicine, Creating teaching materials. BMJ.
2003;326:921-923.
• Cannon R, Newble D. A handbook for teachers in
universities and colleges. London: Kogan.
• NewbleDI, Cannon R. A handbook for medical
teachers. Dordrecht, Netharlands: Kluwer
Academic.
• Kemp JE, Dayton DK. Planning and producing
instructional media. New York: Harper and Row.
• Hartley J. Designing instructional text. Londan:
Kogan.
What we can do with
easy electronics?
• Carry a digital camera (do not need
high pixel)
• Download with history
• Make a file of different system.
• Learn one movie maker program.
• Use it and refine it.
• Learning by doing.
This
presentation is freely
available on
prsharma.com.np