Transcript No Slide Title

18/19
The Beginnings of
Modernization:
Industrialization and
Nationalism,
1800-1870
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Britain in the Industrial
Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
and Its Impact

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain




Agricultural growth
Population growth
Able to produce goods cheaply
Changes in Textile Production





Flying shuttle
James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768
Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787
James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782
Cotton textile production
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Industrialization of Europe
Technological Changes




Iron Industry
 Henry Cort, puddling
Railroad
 Richard Trevithick, steam-powered
locomotive
 George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830
Ripple effect
 Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger;
increased sales mean more factories and
machinery; thus, self-sustaining
The Industrial Factory
 Workers in shifts
 Workers come from rural areas
 Regulations
Henry Cort
Richard Trevithick
The Growth of Industrial
Prosperity

New Products and New Patterns







Toward a World Economy




Substitution of steel for iron
Electricity
Internal combustion engine
Increased industrial production
Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
Europe’s two economic zones
Products from all over the world
Europe dominates
The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and Japan
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used
herein under license.
Population Growth in Europe,
1820-1900
Spread of Industrialization
Spread to Europe first
 Government role
 United States

Internal transportation
 Labor

The Social Structure of Mass
Society

The Elite



The Middle Classes





5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent
of wealth
Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy
Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class
Professionals
White-collar workers
Middle class values in the Victorian period
The Lower classes



80 percent of the European population
Agriculture
Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers
The Emergence of Mass
Society

New Urban Environment

Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the
population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in
1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800);
60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and
30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)
• Migration from rural to urban

Improving living conditions
• Boards of health set up
• Clean water into the city
• Expulsion of sewage

Housing needs
• V.A. Huber
• British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to
construct cheap housing for workers
The Experiences of Women

Marriage and the Family

Difficulty for single women to earn a living
• Most women married

Birth control
• Female control of family size

Middle-class family
Margaret
Sanger
Founder of
the 1st birth
control clinic
• Men provided income and women focused on household
and child care
• Fostered the idea of togetherness
• Victorian ideas

Working-class families
• Daughters work until married
• 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live
on the husband’s wages
• Material consumption
Movement for Women’s Rights




Fight to own property
Access to higher education by middle and uppermiddle class women
Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching,
nursing
Demand for equal political rights





Most vocal was the British movement
Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s
Social and Political Union, 1903
Emmeline
Suffragettes
Pankhurst
Support of peace movements
The New Woman

Bertha von Suttner
Education in an Age of Mass
Society


In early 19th century reserved for elites or
the wealthier middle class
Between 1870 and 1914 most Western
governments began to offer at least primary
education to both boys and girls between 6
and 12



State teacher training schools
Reasons:
• Needs of industrialization
• Need for an educated electorate
• To instill patriotism
Compulsory elementary education created
a demand for teachers, most were women
Leisure in an Age of Mass
Society
Created by the industrial system
 Transportation systems meant:


Working class could go to amusement
parks, dance halls, beaches, and team
sporting activities
Social Impact of the Industrial
Revolution

Population Growth and Urbanization




European population 140 million in 1750
and 266 million by 1850
Decline of death rate
Increased food supply
Growth of cities
• Poor living conditions
• Sanitation poor
Social Impact of the Industrial
Revolution (cont.’d)

New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class




New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class



New bourgeois
Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured
out where the markets were
Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed
elite
Poor working conditions
Women and children
Efforts at Change


Socialism
Utopian socialists
Limiting the Spread of
Industrialization to the Rest of the
World
Russia was largely rural and agricultural
ruled by an autocratic regime that
preferred to keep peasants in serfdom
 India exported cotton cloth produced by
hand labor


Purchase British-made goods
The National State

Tradition and Change in Latin America



Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the United
States
Importation of finished goods
Overall situation:
•
•
•
•

Largely rural
Former slaves and Indians on the bottom
Growth in the middle sectors of society
Looked to the United States
Working class expanded
• Growth of the working class led to industrialization
• Industrialization led to the growth of unions

Elites still had the political influence
Political Change in Latin
America


Franciso
Madero
Large landowners took a more direct
interest in politics
Land owners might support dictators to
ensure their interests




Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 – 1910
Francisco Madero came to power
Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano
Zapata
The United States becomes the power in the
Porfirio Diaz
west.
Russia







Assassination of Alexander II in 1881
Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a
mistake
Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with
absolute power
Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
Revolt in 1905
Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905
Results of antigovernment rebellions
Reaction and Revolution: The
Growth of Nationalism


Conservative Order
 Vienna peace settlement, 1815
 Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
 Concert of Europe
Forces for Change
 Liberalism
• Protection of civil liberties
• Guaranteed by a document
• Right to vote to men of property only
 Nationalism
• Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs
• Each nationality should have a government
• Becomes a threat to the existing order
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Centers of Revolt in 1848-49
Western Europe: The
Growth of Political
Democracy

Britain






France




Two-party parliamentary system
By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women over 30
By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party
Social Reforms that followed
National Insurance Act, 1911
Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed
Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, president,
premier the leader of government
Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in power
Italy


Industrial north and poverty-stricken south
Turmoil of labor and industry
The Revolutions of 1848


France
 Agricultural depression, 1846
 Refusal to extend suffrage to the middle class
 King Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, overthrown
February 24, 1848
 Provisional government, call for universal male
suffrage
 Second Republic established, November 4, 1848
 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
president
Revolution in Central Europe
 The German Confederation
 Prussian king, Frederick William IV, (1840-1861)
 Frankfurt Assembly: hopes and failures
 Revolution in Austria in March, 1848
 Revolution in Italy
Growth of Canada
Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick – 1870
 Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871
 William Laurier, 1896

Quebec Flag
British
Columbia
Flag
Independence and the
Development of the National
State in Latin America:


Nationalistic Revolts
Enlightenment affects the creole class


European control weakened by Napoleonic Wars
Mexico
• Divisions within Mexico
• Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821

South America
• José de San Martín (1783-1830)
• Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein
under license.
Latin America in the Early
Nineteenth Century
Difficulties of Nation Building
Problems of independence
 Caudillos come to power
 Economic dependence
 Domination by the industrializing
nations



Source of raw materials and food
for industrialized nations
Domination by landed elites
Nationalism in the Balkans:
The Ottoman Empire and
the Eastern Question


Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes
Crimean War, 1853-1855







Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia
Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853
Britain and France fear Russians would gain an
advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854
The Crimean War
Treaty of Paris, 1855
Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe
Results of the war
The Balkans in 1830
National Unification and the
National State: 1848-1871




The Unification of Italy
Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)
 Alliance with the French against Austria
 Peace settlement:
• Piedmont gets Lombardy
• Other northern Italian states join Piedmont
Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)
 Red shirts
 Capture The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
 Land turned over to Pienmon
King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878)
 New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861
The Unification of Italy
The Unification of Germany


King William I (1861-1888)
Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)






Realpolitik
Schleswig and Holstein annexed after the
defeat of Denmark in 1864
Austro-Prussian War, 1866
North German Confederation
Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871
January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia
named kaiser


Made Second German Empire
Affects of unification
The Impact of Darwin: Social
Darwinism and Racism


Darwin’s ideas applied to human society
Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)


Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of
the Aryans
Anti-Semitism





In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto
and became assimilated into the cultures around
them
Anti-Jewish parties
72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in
eastern Europe
Movement to the United States and Palestine
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under
license.
Ethnic groups within the
Austrian Empire
Nationalism and Reform: Great
Britain, France, the Austrian
Empire, and Russia




Great Britain
 Reform Act of 1832
 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s
France
 Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870)
 Economic growth and development
 Reconstruction of Paris
 Opposition grew in 1860s
Austria
 Problems of ethnic nationalism
 Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire
Russia
 Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881)
 Reforms
2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The United States and Canada
in the Nineteenth Century
Growth of the United
States:

Andrew Jackson (1767-1845)


Slavery




Jacksonian democracy
Cotton economy of the South
Northern fear that slavery would spread
Abraham Lincoln and secession
Civil War (1861-1865)


War to save the Union
Emancipation Proclamation, January 1,
1863
Rise of the United States




Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914
 By 1900 out produced Britain in steel
 Urbanization
By 1900, the US was the world’s richest nation, but:
 9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the wealth
 Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and cycles of
high unemployment led to unions
 The American Federation of Unions formed
Progressive Era
 Reform
 Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Woodrow Wilson (19131921)
United States as a World Power
 Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands and from
the Spanish-American War acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico,
Guam, and the Philippines
The Emergence of a Canadian
Nation

Upper and Lower Canada
Rebellions against the
government
 United Provinces of Canada

John Macdonald
 British North American Act,
1867

Cultural Life:
Romanticism

Characteristics of Romanticism
Interest in the past
 Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar
 Poetry ranked above all other forms

• William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Believed that nature served as a mirror
• Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings
• Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
A New Age of Science

Technological advances
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -germ theory
 Dmitri Mendeleev (18341907) -- periodic law
 Acceptance of the scientific
method
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
-- organic evolution; survival
of the fittest

Realism in Literature and Art




Rejected Romanticism
Ordinary characters from natural life
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
 Madame Bovary
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
 Realistic portrayals of life
 The Stonebreakers
Organizing the Working Class

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
(1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto




German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875




In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the
conditions of the worker
4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany
Second International
Revisionists


History is that of class struggles
Overthrow the bourgeoisie
Eventually there would be a classless society
Reject revolutionary approach and believed in reform
Trade Unions


Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s
4 million members by 1914 in Britain
Russia







Assassination of Alexander II in 1881
Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a
mistake
Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with
absolute power
Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party
Revolt in 1905
Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905
Results of antigovernment rebellions
Europe in 1871
The Impact of Darwin: Social
Darwinism and Racism


Darwin’s ideas applied to human society
Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)


Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of
the Aryans
Anti-Semitism





In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto
and became assimilated into the cultures around
them
Anti-Jewish parties
72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in
eastern Europe
Movement to the United States and Palestine
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
Impressionsim
 Outdoor paintings image of the
senses
 Post Impressionism Showed chaos and complexity

Monet Waterlillies
Renoir- the skiff and the
wave
Gaugin in Tahiti
Vangogh starry night, night
in the cafe
Discussion Questions
Why did the Industrial Revolution
emerge in Britain first?
 How did nationalism and liberalism
contribute to the Revolutions of 1848?
 Compare and contrast the process of
national unification in Italy and
Germany.
 Describe the attitude of the Romantics
toward nature and history.
