Transcript China

China
1900-Present
Aim: How have different kinds of political leadership affected China’s development?
Vocabulary: communes, quotas, Great Leap Forward, Little Red Book,
SUN YATSEN
• Sun Yatsen served as
president of the New
Republic in 1911.
• He helped to form the
Guomindang, or the
Nationalist Party.
• He laid out his goals
for China in The
Three Principals of
the People.
Fordham.edu
NATIONALISM
l. Principle of Nationalism
…Nationalistic ideas in China did not come from a
foreign source; they were inherited from our remote
forefathers. Upon this legacy is based my principle of
nationalism...No vengeance has been inflicted on the
Manchus and we have endeavored to live side by side
with them on a n equal footing. This is our nationalistic
policy toward races within our national boundaries.
Externally, we should strive to maintain independence in
the family of nations, and to spread our indigenous
civilization as well as to enrich it by absorbing what is
best in world civilization, with the hope that we may forge
ahead with other nations towards the goal of ideal
brotherhood.
fordham,.edu
Q: Describe Sun Yatsen’s nationalist goals for China.
DEMOCRACY
2. Principle of Democracy
All through my revolutionary career I have held the view that China must be
made a republic. There are three reasons. First, from a theoretical point of
view, there is no ground for preserving a monarchical form of government,
since it is widely recognized that the people constitute the foundation of a
nation and they are all equal in their own country. In the second place,
under Manchu occupation the Chinese were forced into the position of the
vanquished, and suffered oppression for more than two hundred and sixty
years. While a constitutional monarchy may not arouse deep resentment in
other countries and can maintain itself for the time being, it will be an
impossibility in China. This is from a historical point of view. A third reason
may be advanced with an eye on the future of the nation. That in China
prolonged periods of disorder usually followed a revolution was due to the
desire of every insurgent to be a king and to his subsequent contention for
the throne. If a republican government is adopted, there will be no
contention. For these three reasons, I have decided for the republican form
of government in order to realize the principle of democracy.
Fordham.edu
Q: Why did Sun Yatsen support the formation of a representative government
In China?
LIVELIHOOD
3. Principle of Livelihood.
With the invention of modern machines, the phenomenon of uneven
distribution of wealth in the West has become all the more marked.
Intensified by crosscurrents, economic revolution was flaring up more
ferociously than political revolution. This situation was scarcely noticed by
our fellow- countrymen thirty years ago. On my tour of Europe and
America, I saw with my own eyes the instability of their economic structure
and the deep concern of their leaders in groping for a solution. I felt that,
although the disparity of wealth under our economic organization is not so
great as in the West, the difference is only in degree, not in character. The
situation will become more acute when the West extends its economic
influence to China. We must form plans beforehand in order to cope with
the situation. After comparing various schools of economic thought, I have
come to the realization that the principle of state ownership is most
profound, reliable and practical.
Fordham.edu
Q: Why was Sun Yatsen wary of capitalism?
Chinese Political Opponents-1945
•
Nationalists
Chiang Kai-shek
•
Southern China
•
United States
• Defeat
Communism
•
Weak (bad economy)
• Ineffective,
corrupt leadership,
poor morale
LEADER
AREA RULED
•
Communists
Mao Zedong
•
Northern China
FOREIGN SUPPORT •
DOMESTIC
POLICY
PUBLIC
SUPPORT
MILITARY
ORGANIZATION
Soviet Union
•
National Liberation
•
Strong (land reform)
•
Motivated and experienced
guerrilla army
Q: Why do you think the Communists were able to win the support of the peasants?
"Don't you want to abolish state power?" Yes, we do, but
not right now; we cannot do it yet. Why? Because
imperialism still exists, because domestic reaction still
exists, because classes still exist in our country. Our
present task is to strengthen the people's state
apparatus-mainly the people's army, the people's police
and the people's courts-in order to consolidate national
defense and protect the people's interests. Given this
condition, China can develop steadily, under the
leadership of the working class and the Communist
Party, from an agricultural into an industrial country and
from a new-democratic into a socialist and communist
society, can abolish classes and realize the Great
Harmony.
Mao Zedong 6/30/49
Q: If you lived in China in 1949, would you have accepted Mao’s explanation
about why state power could not be abolished?
Mao’s Social Reforms
• Replaced Confucian and traditional beliefs with
Communist ideology
• Mao’s government did away with the old landlord and
business classes
• Peasants and workers were lauded as the builders of a
new China
• Mao reformed education, making Chinese characters
simpler. Schools were opened for the young and old
where they learned to praise Mao Zedong.
• Health care workers were sent to rural areas to reduce
disease
• Women won more equality, but not full equality
How did Mao’s reforms differ from traditional Confucian beliefs?
Mao’s Political Reforms
• Established a oneparty, communist,
totalitarian state
Mao and the
Communists claimed
to have the “Mandate
of Heaven” and used
this as justification to
rule.
Q: Why do you think Mao claimed to
have the “Mandate of Heaven?”
Mao’s Economic Reforms
• The Great Leap Forward (1958) was intended to
increase agricultural and industrial output
• Mao established communes included several
villages, thousands of acres of land, and up to
25,000 people. They were self-sufficient units.
Each commune had to meet a quota for
production.
• Communes also had labor brigades to build
dams and irrigation systems. Communes
produced steel and other products as well.
“The Great Leap Backward”
• Backyard industries turned out low-quality
and useless goods
• Communes slowed food output
• Bad weather also led to a famine
• Between 1959 and 1961 about 30 million
Chinese starved to death
Praise of Mao’s China
“Labor is joy, how joyful is it?
Bathed in sweat and two hands full of mud,
Like sweet rain, my sweat waters the land
And the land issues scent,
Better than milk.”
Yuan Keijia (poet)
The Cultural Revolution
• The goal was to purge China of
“bourgeois” or nonrevolutionaries
• Teenagers formed bands of Red Guards
who attacked those believed to be
counterrevolutionaries
• Mao’s Little Red Book was carried around
by the Red Guards.
Quotes from Mao’s Little Red Book
“In order to build a great socialist society, it is of
the utmost importance to arouse the broad
masses of women to join in productive activity.
Men and women must receive equal pay for
equal work in production. Genuine equality
between the sexes can only be realized in the
process of the socialist transformation of society
as a whole.”
“Every Communist must grasp the truth, ‘Political
power grows out of the barrel of a gun’."
U.S.-Chinese Relations
• After Chiang kai-shek fled to Taiwan the
U.S. continued to support the nationalists
and refused to recognize the “Republic of
China” (“Red China”)
• 1971 China won admission to the United
Nations
• Richard Nixon visited China the next year
and this led to improved relations between
the U.S. and China
UNEASY ALLIES
China
• Mao relied on
peasants, not factory
workers, to lead the
revolution
• Mao thought the
Soviets were too
conservative and
accused them too
willing to “coexist”
with capitalist powers
Soviet Union
• Marx had predicted
factory workers would
lead the revolution
• Stalin rejected Mao’s
views
Both vied for influence in the Third
World and had a history of border
disputes along the Amur River. In
1960 border clashes resulted in
Soviets withdrawing all aid and
advisors from China
Deng Xiaoping
• Mao died in 1976 and
was succeeded by more
moderate leaders
• Deng Xiaoping set out to
modernize China.
• Four Modernizations:
Agriculture, Industry,
Science, and Defense
• Included some private
property and free market
policies, resulting in a
surge of economic growth
and a higher standard of
living
Tiananmen Square
• Deng was not willing to compromise when
it came to the government’s tight control
• Students protested in Tiananmen Square
in May of 1989, demanding freedom and
democracy
• Troops and tanks crushed the
demonstrations
TIANANMEN SQUARE 1989
Q: Deng Xiaoping died in 1997. Do you think that Deng Xiaoping
should be remembered favorably by the Chinese? Why or why not?
POLITICAL CARTOONS
I just saw the
funniest cartoons
in Mrs. Sherman’s
class!!
CARTOON ANALYSIS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identify the W’s
Who
What
Why
Where
When
China today
• The President of China is Hu Jintao
• He is the head of the communist party. He also
heads all three branches of government
• Hu Jintao has expressed no interest in Westernstyle democratic reforms
• He is said to believe in "yi ren wei ben", or
putting people first
• Hu Jintao was a protégé of Deng Xiaoping
• Hu Jintao has warned about the use of force in
Taiwan
bbc news
Q: Do you think China is better off today than it was a hundred years ago?