Transcript Competence, Process, and Assessment Standards

Competence, Process, and
Assessment Standards
Helena I. R. Agustien
Universitas Negeri Semarang
[email protected]
Why we need a CC model
Celce-Murcia et al.’s effort has been
motivated by the belief in the potential in the
direct, explicit approach to the teaching of
communicative skills, which would require a
detailed description of what CC entails in
order to use the sub-components as a
content base in syllabus design.(p.6)
Strategic
Socio –
Cultural Comp.
Competence
Discourse
Competence
Competence
Linguistic Comp..
Actional Comp.
Discourse Competence
Discourse competence concerns the
selection, sequencing, and arrangement of
words, structures, sentences and utterance
to achieve a unified spoken or written
text. (p.13)
Components of Discourse Competence
• COHESION
Reference, Substutition, Conjuction, Lexical Chains
• DEIXES
Personal pronouns, Spatial, Temporal, Textual
• COHERENCE
Thematization, Management of old and new information
• GENRE/GENERIC STRUCTURE
Narrative, Report, service encounter, etc.
• CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTURE
How to perform opening, hold the floor, adjacency
pairs, etc.
Linguistic Competence
•
•
•
•
•
Syntax
Morphology
Lexicon
Phonology
Orthography
Actional Competence
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Interpersonal Exchange
Information
Opinions
Feelings
Suasion
Problems
Future Scenario
Sociocultural Competence
• Social Contextual Factors
• Stylistic Appropriateness
Factors
• Cultural Factors
• Non-Verbal Communicative
Factors
Strategic Competence
•
•
•
•
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Avoidance or Reduction Strategies
Achievement or Compensatory Str.
Stalling or Time-Gaining Str.
Self-Monitoring Str.
Interactional Str.
What do we develop?
• The ability to participate in discourse, or
• The ability to communicate, or
• The ability to create spoken and written
texts, or
• The ability to negotiate meanings, or
• The ability to exchange nuances of
meanings
How do we develop discourse
competence?
By knowing that
1. Communication happens in text
2. Every text has communicative purpose
3. Every text has structure
4. Every text has linguistic features
5. Every text is a genre
CULTURE
Genre (Purpose)
Situation
Who is involved?
(Tenor)
Subject matter
Channel
(Field)
(Mode)
Register
TEXT
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
CONTINUUM
Most Spoken
Language accompanying action
Most Written
Language as reflection
Spoken Language
Written Language
What do people do when
communicating?
• They exchange
meanings.
CULTURAL LEVEL
Discourse Semantic Level
Textual
Interpersonal
Lexicogrammatical
Level
Ideational
Phonology/
Graphology
Level
Syarat pengembangan
kompetensi komunikatif
Scaffolding Talks:
Bahasa yang digunakan guru dalam
mengelola proses pembelajaran
sebagai
language accompanying action.
Zone of Proximal Development
Independent
Learning
zone
Teacher
intervention
Peer-peer
interaction
Interactive
discourse
Peran guru
Menciptakan pengalaman
pembelajaran
Merancang kegiatan
Merancang komunikasi
Berperan sebagai “ibu”
dalam pemerolehan
bahasa alamiah
Learning Experiences
Literacy
Principles
Interpretation
Collaboration
Convention
Cultural Knowledge
Problem Solving
Reflection
Language USE
Literacy Levels
Performative Level
Functional Level
Informational Level
Epistemic Level
What is the KEY to creating texts?
Negotiating meanings
Responding to
interlocutor
Continuing own texts
How do we negotiate?
Interpersonally
Logicosemantically
Where in the sentence does
interpersonal meaning
reside?
In the Mood area
Mood = Subject + Finite
Mood expresses:
Attitudes
Feelings
Judgement
Etc.
Negotiating
interpersonally
A : I am sleepy.
B : Are you?
C : I love her.
D : You do, don’t you.
E : I cleaned the room!
D : No, you didn’t!
When is interpersonal
negotiation dominant?

In sustained casual
conversations
* Chatting
* Gossiping
* Killing the time
Negotiating
logicosemantically
A : I am sleepy.
B : Sleepy or hungry?
A : Both, actually.
C : What’s your name?
D : Hartati
C : Where do you live?
D : Jalan Diponegoro.
Negotiation in Writing


Focused on old and
new information
Focused on Theme and
Rheme
Old and New Information
Once upon a time, there was an old lady.
She was very poor, but she was happy.
She had a handsome son called Ande-Ande
Lumut.
He was a fine young man.
Many girls liked him.
Negotiation
is
* The Communication Engine
* The key to discourse
competence
Good Luck!