Transcript Slide 1

Task Analysis
Dr. Sunil Dutt
Professor, Education
National Institute of Technical Teachers
Training & Research, Chandigarh
Task Analysis
• Process of breaking down, or
analyzing a task into smaller and
more detailed constituent units and of
then sequencing these units of
analysis in an order of priority based
on their importance in the learning.
• Analysis and synthesis
Approaches to Task Analysis
1. Task decomposition - splitting task into
(ordered) subtasks
2. Knowledge based techniques - what
the user knows about the task and how knowledge
is organized
3. Entity-relation based analysis relationships between objects and actions in the
task
What is Task Analysis?
• Methods of analysing people's jobs:
– what people do
– what things they work with
– what they must know
• In order to clean the house
• get the vacuum cleaner out
• fix the appropriate attachments
• clean the rooms
• when the dust bag gets full, empty it
• put the vacuum cleaner and tools away
• must know about:
• vacuum cleaners, their attachments, dust bags,
cupboards, rooms etc.
Generating the hierarchy

get list of tasks

group tasks into higher level tasks

decompose lowest level tasks further
• Knowing what they do,
• how they do it,
• why they do it…
A task analysis is an intensive examination of how people
perform work activities.
Tasks: A discrete unit of work performed by an individual, it
has a beginning and an ending.
Subtasks : the smallest step into which a work activity can
be divided.
Elements: a step within a step… separate time-motions
Task listing: A list of actions done in work.
Task: Job, Topic or Skill
Process of Analysis
Unit of
Level 1 Analysis
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Unit of
Analysis
Unit
Unit
Less
Detail
Unit
Unit Unit Unit
More
Detail
Topic: Human Body
Level 1
Level 2
Head
Face Neck Back Chest
Level 4
Limbs
Skin
Sides Legs Arms
Texture
Colour
Stomach Shoulders
Composition
Ears
Level 3
Trunk
Eyes
Nose
Mouth
Hair Chin
Cheeks
Back
Upper
Wrist
Elbow
Forearm
Hand
Thumb
Palm
Fingers
Nails
Back
How many levels?
How
long is a
piece of
string?
Analyze until your task or job operations are covered completely
Task Analysis - A step by step process
Principles of Task Analysis
• Task analysis is accomplished by making
succeeding Levels of Analysis
• Each level of Analysis produces its own Units
of Analysis
• Each succeeding Level of Analysis is more
detailed than the one before it from which it
derives
• Each Level of Analysis and associated Units
of Analysis follow logically and progressively
from those which precede them
When considering a task analysis you
can ask yourself initially:
•
•
•
•
What duties does doing this job entail?
What tasks are performed in each duty?
What are the elements of each task?
What are the acts (actions) which go to make
up each element?
Types of Task Analysis
• Topic Analysis
- A detailed analysis of intellectual tasks, e.g. Ohm’s
law, solving equations, etc.
• Job Analysis
- A detailed analysis of tasks involving physical/
psychomotor skills
- Concentrates on WHAT is done when task is carried
out, e.g. setting up a lathe, loading a film in a camera
• Skill Analysis
- Further analysis of psychomotor tasks, but
concentrating on HOW the job is accomplished
- Complex, intricate and subtle hand-eye coordination
Task analysis involves following activities:
• Identify the tasks to be analyzed.
• Break these tasks down into between 4 and 8
subtasks. (subtasks to be specified in terms of
objectives and, between them, should cover the whole
area of interest.)
• Draw the subtasks as a layered diagram ensuring that
it is complete.
• Decide upon the level of detail into which to
decompose. Making a conscious decision at this
stage will ensure that all the subtask decompositions
are treated consistently.
• Continue the decomposition process, ensuring that
the decompositions and numbering are consistent.
• Present the analysis to someone else who has not
been involved in the decomposition but who knows
the tasks well enough to check for consistency.
Sources of information
Students
Client
Master
TASK
ANALYSIS
Course
Exams
Course
Material
Teachers
Observations, interviews, questionnaires, work
diaries, film/CCTV, job checklists and activity lists
Job of an Engine Mechanic
Duties
Tuning the
carburetor
Adjusting
tappets
Adjusting Changing
spark plug engine oil
gap
Tasks
Jacking up
the car
Placing oil
container under
the sump
Removing
sump plug
Cleaning
the spark
plug
Allowing oil
to drain
away
Task Elements
Acquiring right
kind of jack
Positioning
the jack
Manipulating
the jack
Solving Networks By Kirchoff’s Laws
First Law
Network of
Conductors
Second Law
Algebraic
Algebraic
Current
Sum
Sum
First Law
Resistance
Current
Networks
Conductors
substances
offering
Flow of
little
electrons
resistance
Algebraic Sum of
sum of incoming
currents current
meeting equal to
at any
sum of
point is outgoing
zero
current
Coulombs
per second
Solving Networks
EMF
Energy
must be
supplied
for flow of
electrons
Current Depends
meets
on
resistance nature of
in flowing
load
through a
load
Measure
of rate at
which
energy is
supplied
Topic
Duties
Tasks
Black & White Film
Processing
Maintaining safety in the
darkroom
Accounting for personal
safety
Task Elements
or rules
Describe risk
exaggerated
because of
darkness
Name the
chemicals in
use
State the
dangers arising
from spillages
Demonstrate
importance of
awareness in
the dark
Point out need
Explain
Describe the
importance of individual danger for consideration
orientation within of each chemical for the safety of
others
the darkroom
Explain clearly
emergency
procedures for
darkroom
Job: Collection of Soil sample by auger boring
Level 1
Duties
Level 2
Tasks
Selecting
Equipment
Identify
Equip.
Locate and
Clean Site
Make a Bore
Hole
Locate Clean
Choose
site
site
suitable
auger Identify
site
Operate
auger
Remove A
from hole
Collect
Sample
Collect
soil in
poly
Remove soil
Seal
from A
envelope
Level 3
Task
Remove grass
Elements from test site
Level 4
Acts
Assemble Clean
Land
auger
auger
surface
using
appropriate
tools
Fix T
Fix
junction
drill
& insert
rod
handle
Position
auger on
test
surface
Rotate
auger
Insert
auger
into
soil
Push
auger
Training Skills
Methods of Training
& Learning
Course
Design
Traditional
Analysis
Training
Context
Assessment and
Evaluation
Systematic
Synthesis implementation Assessment &
Evaluation
Improvement
Need
Task Entry behaviour Resource Constraints Objectives
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis Analysis
Determining Goals Ordering Goals Measuring needs Deciding on priorities
Purpose
Input: List of Goals
Staff
Method
Output
DC MOTORS
Principle
Magnetic Field
Polarities
Alignment of
Magnetic Field
Strengths
Electromagnets
Nonalignment
produces
torque
Working
Construction
Torque Angle
Angle of
nonalignment of
two fields
Constant
nonalignment
produces
rotation
Brush and
Commutator
Arrangement
Max. value
of torque
angle
Torque
depends on
magnitude
of torque
angle
Job: Wiring a Plug
Duties
1. Colour Code
2. Prepare Leads
3. Attach Leads
Tasks
Tasks
Tasks
4. Safety Checks
Tasks
1.1 New Code
2.1 Remove Cover
3.1 Twist Standards 4.1 Polarity
1.2 Old Code
2.2 Remove the
outer insulation
3.2 Route the Leads 4.2 Security of
Leads & Flex
1.3 Twin Flex
2.3 Identify terminals 3.3 Wrap Leads
4.3 Correct
around the terminal value fuse
2.4 Cut the Leads
3.4 Tighten the
terminal nuts
2.5 Strip the Leads
3.5 Secure gripper bar
4.4 Replace the
cover
Topic: Solving Mathematical problems by
using Logarithm Tables
1. Multiplying
two numbers
2. Dividing one number 3. Subtracting one 4. Finding ab
by another non-zero
Number from other
number
1.1 Finding the characteristics & Mantissa of two numbers
1.2 Adding the logarithms together
1.3 Antilogging the sum
1.4 Fixing the decimal Point
1.5 Connecting answer to appropriate number of significant figures
1.1.1 Locating first 2 significant figures of each Number
in left-hand column of log. table
1.1.2 Locating third figure of each number in appropriate middle
columns headed 0 – 9, and
1.1.3 Locating fourth figure in add column headed 0 – 9 on
right-hand side of page
25
Rules of Sequence in arranging
task elements
•
•
•
•
Proceed from Known to Unknown
Proceed from Simple to Difficult
Proceed from Concrete to Abstract
Proceed from Observation to
Reasoning
• Follow correct chronological order
Benefits of Task Analysis
• Helping you design your lesson
• Making sure that you have received all that
the learners need to know
• Making sure that all of the fundamental parts
of the job, topic or skill are covered
• Giving a basis for setting test questions and
test procedures where skills are involved
• Helping you formulate objectives