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Nanotechnology Manfred Scriba Materials Sciences and Manufacturing 27 October 2006 [email protected] Overview • How small? • Nanotechnology – definition • Examples • Approach to manufacture • Tools • Building blocks • Applications • International • South Africa • CSIR Activities © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za How small? Ant head 1mm Human hair 100um , 100 000nm Red blood cell 10um, 10 000nm DNA 4nm wide H2O Molecule 0.2nm © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanotechnology “ Nanotechnology is concerned with materials and systems, whose structures and components exhibit novel and significantly improved physical, chemical and biological properties – and that enable the exploitation of novel phenomena and processes – due to their nanoscale size.” - National Nanotechnology Initiative, USA 2 examples © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za 1. Nanoparticles1: surface area 10 nm3 in 1 mm3 1 mm3 Dissolution time: 1 mm3 - 34 million years 1 nm3 - 1.1 seconds © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanoparticles2 Greatly IMPROVED: • surface area (>800m2/gram) • catalytic activity • mechanical reinforcement • magnetic properties (super-magnets) • ductility and formability of ceramics • luminescence of semiconductors • waste reduction © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za 2. Carbon Nanotubes: Strength Remarkable properties: • Conduct better than Cu • Behave like metals or semiconductor • Heat transmission better than diamond • Very strong (100x steel) • 1/6 the weight © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Approach to manufacture Bottom Up / Assemble Nano-parts • Chemical Synthesis • Vapour Deposition • Sol-gel • Pyrolysis • Manipulators • SELF ASSEMBLY © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Top Down ‘Sculpt’ from Bulk • • • • Lithography Etching Ion beam milling Ball milling Synthesis • Chemical vapour deposition • Plasma • Sol-gel • Laser ablation • Reactor • Chemical lab Tools Characterisation • SEM, AFM, STM • TEM, XRD • Nano-tweezers • Lasers • Focused Ion Beam • Clean Rooms © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Building Blocks • Fullerenes/nanotubes • Nanoparticles • Nanofibres • Nanocomposites • Layers/Films • Nano-Dots/Wires • Nano–Biotech © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Nanocomposites © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Biomimetics © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za INFORMATION © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za Quantum Dots © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za 1 mm3 Current: 1 Gigabyte • Digital memory – capacity / cost • Access – speed / ease • Display – cost / size / flexibility © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za ENERGY © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za HEALTH1 © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za HEALTH2 Nanocapsules © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za AUTOMOTIVE © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za COSMETIC © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za INTERNATIONAL Big R&D spending (2005) - Japan - W. Europe - USA - Other © CSIR 2006 > $800m > $700m > $800m > $600m www.csir.co.za © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za South Africa Strategy 2006 - R420m (3years) - HRD - Equipment - Chairs - Flagship projects FOCUS: Social • Water • Energy • Health Industry • Materials • Minerals and Mining • Chemical and Bioprocessing © CSIR 2006 www.sani.org.za 200+ members (SA and International) www.csir.co.za CSIR activities • Nanoscienece Research Group - CNT - Nanoparticles - Nanocomposites - Drug encapsulation - Dye solar cells (TiO2 nanoparticle) - Fuel cell membranes © CSIR 2006 www.csir.co.za END