Transcript Chapter 16 Test Review - DeForest Area School District

Unit XII (Abnormal Behavior) &
Unit XIII (Treatment) Test
Review
Includes practice questions!
Other resources
• The textbook website has tutorials, outlines,
and practice questions
• See the Unit notes on the course website
• Try the practice questions in the book at the
end of each module and unit.
Format
• Approximately 50 m.c. questions
• One essay is on schizophrenia (the
symptoms, the causes, the treatments)
• The second is a review of research methods
(Unit II) and the influence of media on
aggression (Unit XIV).
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
= a psychological disorder marked by the
appearance by age 7 of one or more of three
key symptoms;
extreme inattention,
hyperactivity,
and impulsivity.
Medical Model, 653
When physicians discovered that syphilis led to
mental disorders, medical model started looking
at physical causes of these disorders.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Etiology: Causation and developmental of the
disorder.
Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and
distinguishing one disease from another.
Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric
hospital.
Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.
3. PAGES 653-4: the Biopsychosocial
model
Figure 16.1 The biopsychosocial approach to psychological disorders
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Goals of DSM 5, 654
1.
2.
Describe (400) disorders.
How prevalent is the disorder?
Disorders outlined by DSM-5 are reliable thus
diagnosis by different professional are similar.
Others criticize DSM-5 for “putting any kind of
behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”
Labeling Psychological Disorders
1.
2.
3.
Critics of the DSM-IV manual for
identifying disorders argue that
labels can stigmatize individuals.
On the Psychopathology Zimbardo
video, psychologist David
Rosenhans talked about his study
where he faked a mental illness.
When he informed the hospital of
his normal mental state he was
released as mentally ill but in
remission. He had been
diagostically labeled as mentally ill,
even though he was quite normal.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1.
Persistent and
uncontrollable
tenseness and
apprehension.
2. Autonomic nervous
system arousal.
3. Unable to identify
or avoid the cause of
their feelings.
Practice
• An integrated understanding of psychological
disorders in terms of stressful memories,
evolutionary processes, and gender roles is
most clearly provided by:
a. linkage analysis.
b. a biopsychosocial approach.
c. the medical model.
d. the learning perspective.
Practice
• A current authoritative scheme for
classifying psychological disorders is known
as the:
a. DID.
b. medical model.
c. DSM-V.
d. biopsychosocial approach.
Practice
• Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is
speaking and frequently forgets to complete his
homework assignments. He also has difficulty
taking turns in playground games with
classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits
symptoms of:
a. DID.
b. OCD.
c. PTSD.
d. ADHD
Practice
•
After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped
interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the
person with phrases such as “a passive type” and “frightened of
his own impulses.” This study best illustrated the:
a. dangers of dissociative identity disorder.
b. unreliability of the DSM-IV.
c. biasing power of diagnostic labels.
d. shortcomings of the social-cognitive perspective.
Panic Attack
• The woman featured on a Today Show
segment, Sandy Smith, suffered from panic
attacks.
• She suffered from short, intense periods of
dread along with dizziness and trembling.
Anxiety Disorder: Phobia, 662
persistent, irrational fear of a specific
object or situation
Today show video segment on phobias
shown in class:
Diane Rivero has a fear of driving on a
certain kind of bridge.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 663
Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and
urge to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that
cause distress.
Dissociative Disorder
Conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories,
thoughts, and feelings.
Symptoms
1. Having a sense of being unreal.
2. Being separated from the body.
3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.
Practice
• Lenore is unexplainably and continually
tense and is plagued by muscle tension,
sleeplessness, and an inability to
concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers
from a(n):
a. phobia.
b. dysthymic disorder.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 664
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms
constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
1. Haunting memories.
2. Nightmares.
3. Social withdrawal.
5. Sleep problems.
Bettmann/ Corbis
4. Jumpy anxiety.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs
of depression last two weeks or more and are
not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Signs include:
Lethargy and tiredness
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family & friends
Loss of interest in activities
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder,
alteration between depression and mania, or
manic episodes, signals bipolar disorder.
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Euphoria
Inability to make decisions
Tired
Slowness of thought
Desire for action
Hyperactive
Multiple ideas
Practice
• Years after he barely survived a terrorist attack that killed his
wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring
flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event that render
him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is most
clearly showing signs of:
a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b. generalized anxiety disorder.
c. post-traumatic stress disorder.
d. dissociative identity disorder.
Neurotransmitters & Depression,
678
Reduction of
norepinephrine and
serotonin has been
implicated in
depression.
Drugs that alleviate
mania reduce
norepinephrine.
Pre-synaptic
Neuron
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Post-synaptic
Neuron
Learned Helplessness, 679
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events
an animal or human learns helplessness.
DEPRESSION IS COMMON DUE TO OUR
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE (SELIGMAN)
David Myers’ key points on suicide
from your text, 676-77
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linked with
drug/alcohol abuse
Few who talk of,
attempt it; but most who
commit it, have talked of
it
whites more than
blacks (2x)
women more likely to
attempt; men more likely
to kill self
teens rate doubled since
1950
Symptoms of Schizophrenia, 684-5
Literal translation “split mind”. A group of severe
disorders characterized by:
1. Disorganized and delusional
thinking.
2. Disturbed perceptions
(hallucinations)
3. Inappropriate emotions and
actions.
Practice
• Although Mark realizes that his behavior is
unreasonable, he is so alarmed by high
bridges or expressway overpasses that he
avoids them by taking an unnecessarily
lengthy route to and from work each day.
Mark appears to suffer from a(n):
a. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
b. mood disorder.
c. phobia.
d. generalized anxiety disorder.
Practice
• Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost
all interest in her career and hobbies, and
wonders if she would be better off dead.
She is most likely suffering from:
a. a dissociative disorder.
b. antisocial personality disorder.
c. a mood disorder.
d. agoraphobia.
1. Disorganized & Delusional Thinking,
684
“This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was
making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m
Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me
upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my
eighteenth birthday.”
(Sheehan, 1982)
Othermonologue
forms of delusions
delusions
of
This
illustratesinclude,
fragmented,
bizarre
persecution
(“someone
is following
me”) or
thinking
with distorted
beliefs,
called delusions
grandeur
(“I Poppins”).
am a king”).
(“I’m Mary
2. Hallucinations: Disturbed Perceptions
(selective attention break down), 685
Schizophrenic person may perceive things not there
(hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are
auditory, and lesser visual, somatosensory, olfactory
or gustatory.
L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg
Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Positive and Negative symptoms, 686
+ Delusions
+ Hallucinations
+ Disorganized speech
+ Disordered behavior
- Lack of expression
- Lack of speech
- Lack of direction
Brain Abnormalities, 686
Dopamine Over-activity:
Researchers have
found that
schizophrenic patients
express higher levels
of dopamine D4
receptors in the brain.
Somatoform Disorders,693
• Add another box to your chart! 
• Somatic symptom disorder : Physical
ailments that cannot be explained by
organic causes
• Psychosomatic diseases
• Have a psychological origin
• Symptoms are more imaginary than real
Practice
• Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from
another planet have removed her stomach
and are watching her to see how long it
takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins
is most likely suffering from:
a. agoraphobia.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. schizophrenia.
d. a dissociative identity disorder.
Practice
• Which of the following best illustrates a
negative symptom of schizophrenia?:
a. hallucinations
b. delusions.
c. social withdrawal
d. inappropriate rage
Practice
• Mr. James believes that people are
constantly laughing at him and that FBI
agents are trying to steal his life savings.
Mr. James is most clearly suffering from:
a. compulsions.
b. catatonia.
c. delusions.
d. hallucinations.
Eating Disorders, 478
Anorexia Nervosa: A condition in which a normalweight person (usually an adolescent woman)
continuously loses weight but still feels overweight.
Lisa O’Connor/ Zuma/ Corbis
Reprinted by permission of The New England
Journal of Medicine, 207, (Oct 5, 1932), 613-617.
Bulimia Nervosa
A disorder characterized
by:
* episodes of overeating,
usually high-calorie
foods
*followed by:
vomiting, using
laxatives, fasting, or
excessive exercise.
http://www.youthnoise.com/site/images/fitc/bulimia.jpg
Personality Disorders, 698
Characterized by
inflexible and enduring
behavior patterns that
impair social
functioning.
Usually without anxiety,
depression, or delusions.
Narcissistic personality disorder
See page 677
narcissistic:
preoccupied with self-importance
Antisocial Personality Disorder, 699
The person (usually
men) exhibits a lack
of conscience for
wrongdoing, even
toward friends and
family members.
(Formerly called
sociopath or
psychopath.)
http://www.beliefnet.com/healthandhealing/images/prefrontal_cortex.jpg
Interpretation in Psychoanalysis,
710
• “I thought we were all
done fighting,
Antwone.”
• The analyst notes
childhood issues,
resistance to therapy
and significant patient
behaviors to promote
insight in the patient.
Resistance, 710
• The patient blocks
from their conscious
mind the events from
the past that are
causing them anxiety.
• Dr. Davenport has to
get Antwone to open
up so they can explore
the source of his rage.
Transference, 710
• The patient transfers emotions linked with other relationships to
the therapist.
• Ex. If the patient hates their father, they might hate the therapist.
• (This can prevent the therapist from helping the patient.)
Practice
• Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look
anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit
often endangers the safety and well-being of those
around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering
they might experience as a result of his actions.
His behavior best illustrates:
a. schizophrenia.
b. bipolar disorder.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. an antisocial personality disorder.
Client centered/insight
therapy, 712
2. Empathy: Identifying and understanding
the client’s feelings, situation and
motives
3. The client discovers treatment methods on
their own through counseling
4. Goal: emphasizing the fulfilling of the
client’s potential
Humanistic Therapy, 711-713
• Aka “Client-Centered” Therapy
– developed by Carl Rogers
– uses techniques such as active listening within a
genuine, accepting, empathic environment to
facilitate clients’ growth
– (unconditional positive regard)
• 1. Active Listening
– empathic listening in which the listener echoes,
restates, and clarifies
http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.de/myers/zeitleiste/images/vRogers.jpg
Practice
• Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of:
a. interpreting the meaning of clients’ nonverbal
behaviors.
b. enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.
c. helping clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing
experiences.
d. discouraging clients from using antianxiety or
antidepressant drugs.
Exposure Therapy, 717
The Far Side © 1986 FARWORKS. Reprinted with Permission. All Rights Reserved.
Expose patients to things
they fear and avoid.
Through repeated
exposures, anxiety lessens
because they habituate to
the things feared.
Behavior Therapy: systematic
desensitization, 717
Associates a pleasant, relaxed
state with gradually
increasing anxietytriggering stimuli.
*A step by step procedure
for becoming relaxed in a
situation that would normally
cause you extreme discomfort.
*At each step in the process
the person must learn to
associate calm feelings with the
stimulus.
(Commonly used to treat
phobias.)
Behavior therapy:
Aversive Conditioning, 718
– Type of counter-conditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
– Unlike the previous examples, In this case you
want to eliminate a behavior
– For example: With an alcoholic you want to teach
the following association
– nausea ---> alcohol
Practice
• In order to help Janet overcome her nearly
irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist
provides her with a supply of chocolate candies
that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but
very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to
treatment best illustrates:
a. systematic desensitization.
b. light exposure therapy.
c. aversive conditioning.
d. stress inoculation training.
Behavior Therapy:
Token Economy, 719
– An operant conditioning procedure that rewards
desired behavior
– Person exchanges a token of some sort--- earned
for exhibiting the desired behavior--- for various
privileges or treats
– EXAMPLE: First, you set a goal: I want to lose
ten pounds.
– Reward yourself 1 “point” for every pound lost.
When you get to ten, you get to go to a movie.
Cognitive Therapy
– teaches people new, more adaptive
ways of thinking and acting
– based on the assumption that negative
thoughts intervene between events and
our emotional reactions
Albert Ellis and RET, 721
• This was on the
Zimbardo video
• Ellis challenged his
clients unreasonable
attitudes and false
beliefs
• He called it Rational
Emotive Therapy (RET)
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal
of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify
behavior.
Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act
(behavior therapy) and alter the way they think (cognitive
therapy).
56
Family Therapy
Family therapy treats the family as a system. Therapy guides
family members toward positive relationships and improved
communication.
Focuses on tensions in the family that may causes individuals
to experience mental disorders or problems
57
Practice
• Several years after his wife’s death, Mr. Sanchez remains
incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. In order to
reduce Mr. Sanchez’s depression, a therapist is actively
encouraging him to stop blaming himself for not being able
to prevent his wife’s death. The therapist’s approach is
most representative of:
a. systematic desensitization.
b. psychoanalysis.
c. cognitive therapy.
d. client-centered therapy.
Does Therapy Work?
• Meta-analysis 731
– procedure for statistically combining the results of
many different research studies
Number of
persons
Average
untreated
person
Poor outcome
80% of untreated people have poorer
outcomes than average treated person
Average
psychotherapy
client
Good outcome
Research concepts, 730
a.
meta-analysis: statistically combines results
of many studies (meta=many)
b. regression toward the mean
the more something is done the closer it gets to
average
Ex: the Milwaukee Brewers had a big lead early in the year, but the more games
they played the closer they achieved to their ability: an average team
c.
double blind studies neither researcher nor
subjects know who gets treatment
Practice
• When people’s symptoms of psychological distress are at
their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the
condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather
than further deterioration. This is best explained in terms
of:
a. systematic desensitization.
b. the therapeutic alliance.
c. counter-conditoning.
d. regression toward the mean.
Placebo effect. 730
• the phenomenon that a patient's symptoms
can be alleviated by an otherwise
ineffective treatment
• the individual expects or believes that it will
work.
Resilience, 737
Personal strengths people possess
in fighting off mental illness.
Example: Many accident
victims, war veterans, and
Holocaust survivors have
shown remarkable resilience
against traumatic situations.
(And so has Harry Potter as in
his battle against the Dark
Lord.)
Antipsychotic drugs for
schizophrenia
Clozapine (Clozaril)
blocks receptors for
dopamine and
serotonin to remove
the negative
symptoms of
schizophrenia.
Antidepressant Drugs and serotonin,
741-42
Antidepressant drugs like
Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil
are Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors
(SSRIs) that improve the
mood by elevating levels
of serotonin by
inhibiting reuptake
Can lead to
neurogenesis: new
brain cells.
A. ECT
• Electroconvulsive Therapy, 743
• Treats depression
Alternative to ECT, 745
Repetitive Transcranial
Magnetic Stimulation
(rTMS)
Magnetic energy
apparently activates neural
connections.
In TMS, a pulsating
magnetic coil is placed
over prefrontal regions of
the brain to treat
depression with fewer
side effects than ECT.
C. Psychosurgery, 746
Surgery that removes or
destroys brain tissue in an
effort to change behavior.
Lobotomy: Procedure once
used to calm uncontrollably
emotional or violent patients.
http://www.museumofdisability.org/siteimages/medicine/Lobotomy.jpg