Transcript Slide 1
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chemical Pathways Chapter 9-1 http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS to used ________________ sunlight trap energy from __________ and make ______________ food (glucose) http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif In this chapter, we will learn how broken down by this glucose is ____________ energy organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ ATP in a process called ___________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION What kind of organisms do this? What kind of organisms do this? plants ______ fungi ______ animals ________ (Including humans _______) bacteria ______ ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! How do we get the sugar from the plants? REMEMBER! _______________ HETEROTROPHS get their energy by eating other organisms. We get the energy the plants stored as eating plants directly glucose by _____________ or eating the _________ animals that ate the plants. Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Area with gel-like material inside cell membrane surrounding mitochondria CYTOPLASM = ______________________ Power plant of cell that burns glucose and stores the energy as ATP = _______________ mitochondria http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane CRISTAE (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane INTERMEMBRANE SPACE = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds MATRIX = _________________ CYTOPLASM surrounds mitochondria Image from: http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html All organisms (heterotrophs AND autotrophs) energy in food to use the _____________ ATP charge up their _______ This process of releasing the to release energy from FOOD ATP = (glucose) to make _____ ________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe CELLULAR RESPIRATION slowly happens __________ many steps in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as light and heat ____________________! http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 CO 6H O 2 + _________ 2 ___________ + ___________ C6H12O6 + __________ 6O2 →_______________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + _________ 6 CO2 + __________ 6 H2O + __________ 6O2 →________ _____________ The two equations are exact opposites! ______________________________________________________________ http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/images/boilingif UNITS FOR MEASURING HEAT ENERGY Amount of heat it takes to raise 1 gram of calorie water 1◦ Celsius = _______________ Unit for measuring energy in food Calorie = _______________ 1000 calories 1 Calorie = _________ http://www.raytechcatalog.com/images/products/mainstay_food_3600_nutrition.gif CELLULAR RESPIRATION includes: GLYCOLYSIS ______________________ KREBS CYCLE ______________________ ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN _______________________ GLYCOLYSIS Happens in CYTOPLASM ______________ outside mitochondria 1 glucose Breaks down ____________ into ________________ 2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate) Produces 2 _______ 2 __________ Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ sweet LYSIS= ___________ split apart ) Glycolysis ____________________________ DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN BUT it needs some ____________to get it ENERGY started. What molecule do you think is going to supply the energy do this? ATP GLYCOLYSIS ________ ↓ GLUCOSE ___________ ATP → ATP → ↓ ATP ATP 2_____________ PYRUVIC ACID NADH NADH ____________________ + _______________ 4 ATP’s 2 ATP’s and GET BACK __________ PUT IN ________ Net gain of ________ 2 ATP’s and __________ 2 NADH PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC PYRUVIC ACID ___________ WITHOUT OXYGEN ANAEROBIC 2 kinds of fermentation Alcoholic Lactic acid ___________________ & _____________________ ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL + ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise air spaces in bread CO2 bubbles make _____________ evaporates Alcohol _______________ during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL+ ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Happens when beer yeast ___________ make _______ or bacteria wine ____________ make ______ http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ muscles Happens in _____________ during ____________when body exercise can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens when bacteria are used food to make __________and beverages ____________ like: Yogurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, pickles, cheese sour cream, & kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID builds up ___________ and all the NAD+ carriers get full. _______ Eventually glycolysis will NAD+ PYRUVIC ACID +_____ _______ + CO NAD →ALCOHOL __________ + ______ 2 + _____ LACTIC ACID + NAD ______ You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells + REGENERATE the NAD can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going KREBS CYCLE & ELECTRON TRANSPORT Chapter 9-2 http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg REMEMBER: The “fork in the road” happens following glycolysis. OXYGEN The presence or absence of _______________ decides which path it takes next. Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle We will next focus on the Krebs Cycle. This is the path that is taken when oxygen is present. Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing _______________ follows KREBS CYCLE glycolysis if oxygen is present KREBS CYCLE MATRIX happens in ________________ inside mitochondria Breaks down _________________ 2 pyruvic acid Produces: 2 ____ ____ 8____ ____ 2 6 WHERE DOES IT GO? → 6 carbons in original glucose are lost Carbon dioxide as ________________ to atmosphere WHERE DO THESE GO? ATP can be used directly energy to supply __________ for the cell. High energy electron carriers move into the ELECTRON TRANSPORT ____________________ CHAIN Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain We will next focus on the Electron Transport Chain. ELECTRON TRANSPORT cristae Enzymes found in _____________ inner membrane of mitochondria Uses high energy electrons and H+ ions NADH FADH2 donated by _______ and _______ 32 (net) ATP Makes ___________ OXYGEN acts a final ________ H2O electron acceptor to produce ________ ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN INTERMEMBRANE SPACE CRISTAE MATRIX Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006 → FADH2 → NADH 3 ATP’s _____ ____ 2 ATP’s WHATS THE BIG PICTURE? Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Cytoplasm Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Mitochondrion Image from BIOLOGY Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing CELLULAR RESPIRATION (aerobic/ with oxygen): 36 ATP 1 glucose → _______________ FERMENTATION (anaerobic/ without oxygen): 2 ATP 1 glucose → ________________ Remember ! CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY Cells burn GLUCOSE for their energy needs Images from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://www.therunningdoctor.com/runinjuries.htm EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) SMALL Cells normally contain _________ amounts of ATP produced by GLYCOLYSIS _______________ & __________________________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION (only enough for a few seconds of activity) LACTIC ACID Once this ATP is used up_____________ fermentation can provide enough ATP to last about ___________________. 90 seconds EXERCISE and ENERGY (Short term energy) Lactic acid Once race is over, _______________ must be broken down using oxygen. A quick sprint builds up an ________________ that oxygen debt must be repaid by heavy breathing ______________________ Image from: http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) For exercise longer than 90 seconds Cellular respiration _____________________ is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation. _____________ Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. What happens in a long race when the body’s glucose all is used up? Animal cells store GLUCOSE as _____________ GLYCOGEN to use later. Image from: http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) MUSCLES ________________ store glucose as ________________ which can glycogen be broken down into glucose to 15-20 minutes supply energy for_______________ of activity. EXERCISE and ENERGY (LONGER term energy) After glycogen stores are used up the body begins to FAT break down ________ That’s why aerobic exercise must continue for longer than 20 minutes if you want to lose weight! Image from: http://blackmovie.us/movie/Fat.Albert/fat.albert.movie.jpg ALL CELLS NEED ENERGY Eukaryotes All __________________ (including plant and animal cells) have _______________ for cellular respiration mitochondria All __________________ (bacteria) Prokaryotes have their electron transport enzymes attached to their Cell membranes _____________________ Remember: No membrane bound organelles!