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Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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Today’s Big Question: why did the outwards
expansion of Europe prove to be so hegemonic
and so durable?
• The traditional answer to the question related to
questions of military power, technology, the profit
motive, and religious zeal
• The modern answer to the question has much more to
do with what was going on inside Europe;
• The renaissance gave way to a whole-scale
reconfiguration of political, economic, social, and
scientific relationships, which involved:
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An end to the dominance of religion in the political sphere
(ultramontagnism and divine right)
The constitution of independent and sovereign states
The end of feudalism
The growth of early capitalism
The scientific revolution
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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The Fragmentation of Western Christendom
• The Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luther
Reform Outside Germany
John Calvin
• The Catholic Reformation
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The Council of Trent
St. Ignatius Loyola
The Society of Jesus
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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The Fragmentation of Western
Christendom
• Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars
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Witch-Hunting
Religious Wars
The Thirty Years’ War
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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The Consolidation of Sovereign
States
• The Attempted Revival of Empire
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Charles V
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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The Consolidation of Sovereign States
• The Attempted Revival of Empire
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Charles V
Imperial Fragmentation
Foreign Challenges
• The New Monarchs
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Finance
State Power
The Spanish
Inquisition
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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The Consolidation of Sovereign States
• Constitutional States and Absolute Monarchies
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Constitutional States
Absolutism
The Sun King
Absolutism Outside France
• The European States System
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The Peace of Westphalia
The Balance of Power
Military Development
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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Early Capitalist Society
• Population Growth and Urbanization
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American Food Crops
Population Growth
Urbanization
• Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization
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The Nature of Capitalism
Supply and Demand
Joint-Stock Companies
Politics and Empire
The Putting-Out System
• Social Change in Early Modern Europe
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Profit and Ethics
The Nuclear Family
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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Science and Enlightenment
• The Reconception of the Universe
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The Ptolemaic Universe
Planetary Movement
The Copernican
Universe
• The Scientific Revolution
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Galileo Galilei
Isaac Newton
• The Enlightenment
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Science and Society
Voltaire
Deism
The Theory of Progress
Chapter Twenty-Four:
The Transformation of Europe
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Sources From The Past:
Adam Smith on the Capitalist
Market
“Every individual is continually exerting himself to
find out the most advantageous employment for
whatever capital he can command. It is in his own
advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he
has in view…”
- An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes
of the Wealth of Nations