Transcript Slajd 1

General
information
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
Scotland borders with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west,
and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest.
In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
The capital of Scotland called Edinburgh. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities.
Aberdeen is the third largest city in Scotland.
The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707,
although it had been in a personal union with the kingdoms of England and Ireland since James VI of Scotland succeeded to the
English and Irish thrones in 1603. On 1 May 1707, Scotland entered into an incorporating political union with England to create the
United Kingdom of Great Britain, despite widespread protest across Scotland.
Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, and Scotland constitutes a
distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law.
The population of Scotland in the 2010 was 5,222,100. This would make Scotland the 113th largest country by population.
The official language of Scotland is English, but one can discern a Scottish kind of English, a dialect. In the Highlands there are still
people who speak Gaelic.
The area of Scotland - 78,772 square km.
The monetary unit of Scotland is Scottish or British Pound (GBP). 1 pound is about €1. Like Ireland, Scotland has its own banknotes.
National symbols of Scotland
The Flag of Scotland, the Saltire or St. Andrew's Cross, dates (at least in legend) from the 9th century, and is thus the oldest
national flag still in use. The Saltire now also forms part of the design of the Union Flag.
Stone of Scone, Block of red sandstone used for the coronation of Scottish kings. Usually seen as a symbol of unity and
Scottish independence.
Declaration of Arbroath (1320) Scotland Declaration of Independence.
The Royal Standard of Scotland, a banner showing the Royal Arms of Scotland, is also frequently to be seen, particularly at
sporting events involving a Scottish team. Often called the Lion Rampant (after its chief heraldic device), it is technically the
property of the monarch and its use by anybody else is illegal, although this is almost universally ignored, and never enforced.
The unicorn is also used as a heraldic symbol of Scotland. The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, used prior to 1603 by the
Kings of Scotland, incorporated a lion rampant shield supported by two unicorns. On the Union of the Crowns, the Arms were
quartered with those of England and Ireland, and one unicorn was replaced by a lion (the supporters of England).
The Honours of Scotland, the Scottish Crown Jewels, are displayed in the Crown Room of Edinburgh Castle, from where
they are removed only for State Occasions. Stylised versions of the Crown of Scotland appear upon the badges of the Royal
Regiment of Scotland, those of the Scottish Police Forces, the Scottish Ambulance Service and upon Royal Mail premises,
vehicles and pillar/wall boxes in Scotland.
William Wallace, a national hero and a leader in the Scottish Wars of Independence.
The thistle, the floral emblem of Scotland, features in many Scottish symbols and logos, and on UK currency. Heather is also
considered to be a symbol of Scotland.
Scotland has no official national anthem. There are several candidates, however: Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be
the National Anthem of Scotland, and is played at events such as football and rugby matches involving the Scotland national
teams, and as of 2010 is used for the Scottish team at the Commonwealth Games. Other candidates include Scotland the
Brave, Highland Cathedral, Scots Wha Hae and A Man's A Man for A' That.
Tartan is a specific woven textile pattern that often signifies a particular Scottish clan, as featured in a kilt.
St Andrew's Day, the 30 November, is the national day, although Burns' Night tends to be more widely observed. Tartan Day
is a recent innovation from Canada. In 2006, the Scottish Parliament passed the St. Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act
2007, designating the day to be an official bank holiday.
Gordon
Gordon's Kilt
Scotland has a very changeable climate. One minute the sun
could be splitting the stones, the next minute it could be lashing
rain. Throughout the day, there are often wide variations in the
climate. There are also wide variations over small distances.
Although Scotland just touches on the Arctic Circle, the Gulf
Stream winds manage to keep the temperatures relatively mild.
In the Highlands, the weather can turn extreme at any time - and
very quickly too.
Scotland’s East Coast tends to be cool and dry. In winter the
temperature rarely drops below freezing. On the West Coast, it’s a
lot milder and wetter with average highest summer temperatures
of around 19°C, in summer. Scotland’s driest months are May and
June; the warmest are July and August. In northern Scotland the
summer sun barely sets while during the winter months it hardly
rises at all.
SCOTTISH SCENERY
Beautiful sandy beaches, sparkling lakes, old pine forests, rocky peaks, purple heather moorland, great
white waterfalls, mountain torrents and slow peaceful rivers: Scotland’s diverse landscape is rich with
wildlife and natural beauty. With over 6000 lochs and lakes and 6200 miles of coastline, Scotland is full of
beaches, coves, cliffs, and sea lochs. Loch Lomond, the largest expanse of freshwater in Great Britain,
sits within The Trossachs; the first of Scotland’s national parks, while the Cairngorms National Park boasts
four of Scotland’s largest peaks, including Ben Nevis. Scotland is well known for its mountainous and
beautiful scenery. The mountains often aren’t covered by trees.
Lakes
Loch Ness is a large, deep, freshwater loch in the Scottish Highlands extending for
approximately 37km southwest of Inverness. Its surface is 15,8m above sea level.
Loch Ness is best known for the alleged sightings of the Cryptozoological Loch Ness
Monster, also known as "Nessie". Loch Ness is the second largest Scottish loch by
surface area at 56,4 sq km. Its deepest point is 230m (deeper than the height of
London's BT Tower at 189m and deeper than any other loch with the exception of
Loch Morar). It contains more fresh water than all lakes in England and Wales
combined.
Legend say the Nessie is similar to other supposed lake monsters in Scotland and
elsewhere, though its description varies from one account to the next. One thing we
know for sure: supposed Nessie has the long neck.
Popular interest and belief in the animal has varied since it was brought to the
world's attention in 1933. The scientific community regards the Loch Ness Monster
as a modern-day myth, and explains sightings as a mix of hoaxes and wishful
thinking. Despite this, it remains one of the most famous examples of cryptozoology.
Castles
Inverness Castle
Inverness Castle sits on a cliff overlooking the
River Ness, in Inverness, Scotland. The red
sand stone structure evident today was built in
1836 by architect William Burn. It’s built on the
site of an 11th century defensive structure.
Today, it houses Inverness Sheriff Court.
There has been a castle at this site for many
centuries. The castle itself is not open to the
public but the grounds are.
Scottish music is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and
modern influences. A famous traditional Scottish instrument is the Great Highland
Bagpipe, a wind instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe (called the
chanter), which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag. Bagpipe bands,
featuring bagpipes and various types of drums, and showcasing Scottish music
styles while creating new ones, have spread throughout the world. The clàrsach
(harp), fiddle and accordion are also traditional Scottish instruments, the latter two
heavily featured in Scottish country dance bands. Today, there are many successful
Scottish bands and individual artists in varying styles.
The term Highland dress describes the traditional dress of Scotland. It is often
characterized by tartan patterns in some form.
Male highland dress includes kilt (or trews), sporran, sgian dubh and ghillies.
Ghillies, or ghillie brogues, are traditional thick soled shoes with no tongues and long
laces. The laces are wrapped around and tied above the wearer's ankles so that the
shoes do not get pulled off in mud. The shoes lack tongues so the wearer's feet can
dry more quickly in typically damp Scottish weather. The ghillie brogue is named
after the ghillie, the traditional Scottish gamekeeper and outdoorsman.
Female highland dress includes women's shoes, also called ghillies, that are tied in
the same way but have thin soles for indoor wear and dancing. Traditionally, women
and girls do not wear kilts but may wear ankle-length tartan skirts. A tartan sash or
shawl may also be worn. Women may also wear dress tartans which are modified
versions which include white in place of a more prominent colour.
Scottish literature includes text written in English, Scottish Gaelic, Scots, French, and
Latin. The poet and songwriter Robert Burns wrote in the Scots language, although
much of his writing is also in English and in a "light" Scots dialect which is more
accessible to a wider audience. Similarly, the writings of Sir Walter Scott and Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle were internationally successful during the 19th and early 20th
Centuries. More recently, author J.K. Rowling has become one of the most popular
authors in the world through her “Harry Potter” series, which she began writing from
a coffee-shop in Edinburgh.
Piper playing the Great Highland Bagpipes, in
traditional Scottish piper's uniform. From top to
bottom these are called, feather bonnet,
doublet, plaid & plaid broach, belt, sporran, kilt,
hose tops, spats, brogues.
c.450mil BC- Northern Highland & Grampian Mountains are
formed.
c 4000 BC- Neolithic farmers arrive, building burial chambers
&stone circles.
c2,000 BC- Bronze Age, stone circles built in Orkneys &
Lewis.
c500 BC- Iron Age tribes build their stone towers, the Brochs.
123 - Roman Emperor Hadrian starts building his border wall.
563- Columba arrives on Iona to spread Christianity
600- First recorded sighting of the 'Loch Ness Monster'.
c900- Vikings arrive in Orkney Islands.
1005- MacBeth last of Scotland's Gaelic Kings is born.
1018- Kingdom of Scotland is born through merger.
1136- Building starts on Melrose Abbey.
1174- Stirling Castle given to English for release of Scottish
King William.
1250- Saint Margaret is canonized by Innocent IV
1270- William Wallace born.
1306- Robert the Bruce crowned King of Scotland.
1314- Bruce defeats English at Bannochburn.
1320- Declaration of Arbroath asserting Scotland's
independence.
1323- Crathe Castle, with its beautiful gardens.
1401- Building starts on Dunrobin Castle
1410- St Andrews university founded.
1446- Rosslyn Chapel, construction commenced by William
St Clair, Prince of Orkney
1450- Glasgow declared a City.
1501- James IV starts building Falkland Palace
1513- Scots defeated at Flodden by English.
1542- Birth of Mary Queen of Scots.
1559- John Knox denounces Roman Catholic church as
idolatry.
1571- Siege of Edinburgh Castle.
1587- Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
1597- Culross Palace built.
1603- Elizabeth of England dies, James VI of Scotland Becomes
James I of England
1671- Birth of Rob Roy Macgregor
1676- Alexander Selkirk "Robinson Crusoe" born.
1685- Covenanter prisoners held at Dunnottar Castle
1692- Massacre of MacDonalds at Glencoe.
1701- William Kidd (Captain Kidd) Infamous pirate hanged.
1720- Birth of Charles Edward Stuart,"Bonnie Prince Charlie".
1723- Adam Smith father of economics born at Kirkcaldy.
1736- James Watt Developer of the steam engine born.
1745- Bonnie Prince Charlie arrives in Scotland proclaims
himself King.
1746- Prince Charlie escapes to Skye, Scotland's most famous
island
1746- Jacobite army defeated at Culloden, last battle fought on
British soil.
1746- Flora MacDonald helped Bonnie Prince Charlie to safety.
1759- Robert Burns born.
1771- Sir Walter Scott born.
1813- Birth of David Livingstone.
1835- Birth of Andrew Carnegie.
1847- Alexander Graham Bell the inventor of the telephone
born..
1865- Joseph Lister pioneered the use of antiseptics
1850- Robert Louis Stevenson born, author of "Kidnapped" and
"Treasure Island".
1852- Prince Albert buys Balmoral Castle.
1856- Birth of James Keir Hardie a founder of the British Labour
Party.
1870- William Wallace monument completed at Stirling
1879- Dundee Tay Rail Bridge Disaster.
1890- Forth Rail Bridge opened
1925- John Logie Baird demonstrated first Television.
1928- Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.
1930- St Kilda evacuated
1997- Referendum 'yes' vote for Scottish Parliament.
Scottish cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated
with Scotland. It has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own, but shares much
with wider European cuisine as a result of foreign and local influences both
ancient and modern. Traditional Scottish dishes exist alongside international
foodstuffs brought about by migration.
Scotland's natural larder of game, dairy, fish, fruit, and vegetables is the integral
factor in traditional Scots cooking, with a high reliance on simplicity and a lack of
spices from abroad, which were often very expensive. While many inveterate
dishes such as Scotch broth are considered healthy, many common dishes are
rich in fat, and may contribute to the high rates of heart disease and obesity in the
country. In recent times greater importance has been placed on the consumption
of fresh fruit and vegetables, but many Scots, particularly those of low incomes,
continue to have poor diets, which contributes to Scotland's relatively high
mortality rate from coronary heart disease.
Made by Eliza Noremberg