Transcript Age of Napoleon

Age of Napoleon
Age of Napoleon
….the short man who cast a LONG shadow
over the history of modern times.
Napoleon Bonaparte
o Born in 1769 in Corsica, France.
o One of the world’s greatest military geniuses
o Sent away by his parents at age nine to attend
military school.
o At age 16, became lieutenant in the artillery.
o When French Revolution broke out, joined the
army.
o 1795-1799 – in four years- rose to become
master of France.
o Considered Patriot & Revolutionary
Napoleon Grasps Power/domestic
improvements
• Worked with conspirators to overthrow the
Directory (abbe Sieyes)
• coup d’etat- in 1795
• 1800- plebiscite
• Vote of the people to approve a new constitution
• Napoleon becomes the First Consul (official
appointed by the government)
• 1800: Bank of France is created & started the
French stock exchange.
• 1804 Napoleonic Code
1804: Coronation of
Napoleon/Josephine
1804: Coronation of Napoleon
• Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the
French on December 2nd, 1804.
– Planned his coronation as meticulously as his
battle plans.
– Took place in the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
– Following his coronation, French Senate passed a
new law:
• “The government of the Republic is vested in an
Emperor, who takes the title of the Emperor of the
French.”
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Peasants allowed to keep land gains
Centralized government
“spoils system””
Signed Concordat w/Pope Pius VII
Concordat of 1801
-An agreement with Pope Pius VII.
-Government recognized the influence of the CHURCH, but rejected
its control in national affairs.
-Catholicism a “major” religion, but NOT a “state” religion!
-Sunday’s & religious holidays were restored!
-Granted Napoleon power over selecting the Catholic clergy.
First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte
Pope Pius VII
VS.
Individual Rights and Freedoms
• Established a sense of order
and unity – authoritarian
state
• Spies!
– Penalized political offenses
– 1814: 2,500 political prisoners
• Limited free speech/press
– # of Fr. Newspapers shrank
from 73 to 13!
1804: Code of Napoleon-divided into a
criminal code & a civil code
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Napoleon unified the laws of France.
All people were declared equal; no special privileges.
Feudal rights were ended.
Trial by jury was guaranteed.
Religious freedom was guaranteed.
Parents were given power over their children.
Wives were not allowed to sell or give away property.
A wife could only own property with her husband’s
consent in writing.
• With adultery: women were punished more severely than
men!
• Fathers were allowed to imprison their children for up to
a month!?!
Education
• 4 grades of school: primary, secondary, lycee,
and technical school.
– lycee: schools run on military lines.
– Schools stressed the importance of obedience
and military values.
– Science and math became more important
subjects in secondary school.
– Nap. added the metric system
– Elementary schools were basically ignored!
BACked by Napoleon
• Napoleon was the man who introduced the Baccalaureate,
an exam still used in France today.
• Nap. rewarded people in both the military, & the gov’t
according to their abilities(careers open to talent!)
Do you remember???
Louisiana…..??
Napoleon had gotten this from Spain in 1800.
Hoped to create an American empire….but,
The strains of fighting this distance under tropical
conditions forced Nap. to sell it to the U.S.
What Am. President bought it, and for how
much??????
Jefferson, $15M
($219 million in 2010 dollars).
Buildings and Roads
• Napoleon poured huge amounts of money into
improving Paris.
– Better network of roads were planned
1813: Arc de
Triomphe is built to
celebrate his
victories in wars.
…because one tiny picture doesn’t do it justice!
1802: Legion of Honor Award
An award given to French citizens who exhibit excellent
civil and/or military conduct.
Established by Napoleon in 1802
Five Degrees: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur
(Commander), Grand Officier (Grand Officer), and Grand Croix
(Grand Cross); Grand Croix being the highest honor, Chevlier being
the lowest.
Each recipient was
awarded with generous
amounts of money; a
higher amount was given to
the higher awards, and so
forth.
Initial Expansion
Treaty of Luneville
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Austria and Germany gave up territory
Treaty of Amiens
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Redrew the map of Germany (no more HRE)
Austria, Sweden, Britain form Third Coalition
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France maintains control of Holland, Austrian
Netherlands, and west bank of Rhine
Collapses when Austria withdraws
Fought Prussia and Russia
Grand Empire
1. Core of France
2. Depended satellite kingdoms (ruled by
family)
3. Allied states (Austria, Russia, Prussia)
• Abolished feudal system/serfdom
• Levied heavy taxes
FOREIGN POLICY
1.
The Battle of Trafalgar: October 21st, 1805
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Took place in Cape Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain.
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Fought between the British Navy and the combined forces of the
French and Spanish Navy.
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Napoleon lost; French fleet destroyed.
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“Thank God I have done my duty.”
Horatio Nelson, HMS Victory
#1-Napoleon’s Three Mistakes
A. Continental System: November, 1806
Blockade
Supposed to make Europe more
self-sufficient.
Smugglers
His own brother Louis, who he
made King of Holland, defied the
policy.
In actuality weakened British
trade but didn’t destroy it.
Hurt Napoleon more than it hurt
his enemies!
Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland
#2-Napoleon’s Three Mistakes
B.
Peninsular War: 1808-13
Portugal ignored Continental
System.
Napoleon sent an army through
Spain to invade Portugal.
Spain was enraged, began to riot.
Napoleon puts his brother Joseph
on the throne of Spain.
Spanish become inflamed at the
nationalism.
1808-13: Spanish guerillas vs. the
French Army
Long, bloody, guerilla, conflict
Napoleon loses 300,000 men.
Weakens French empire.
Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain
#3-Napoleon’s Three Mistakes
C. French Invasion of Russia
Napoleon invades Russia against
Czarist Alexander I.
Russia defies Continental System.
June 1812:
Napoleon’s “Grand Army”
marches into Russia.
Alexander I exercises “scorched
earth policy.”
- a military strategy which
entails burning everything in
order to leave the enemy
nothing.
September 7th, 1812: Battle of
Borodino
September 14th, 1812: Napoleon
enters Moscow….
Alexander I of Russia
…Only to find Moscow in flames! Rather than surrender
the capital, Alexander I set it on fire!
Napoleon vs. Russia (con’t).
5 Weeks- Napoleon waits for Alexander I to
surrender; Czar does not.
Winter sets in
French in summer uniforms
November: French begin to retreat;
temperature fell to thirty degrees below zero.
“so cold that birds fell out of the sky!”
Napoleon retreated with only 10,000 men of
an original 500,000 men.
Napoleon’s Downfall
European coalition vs. Napoleon
1814: exiled to Elba.
Elba is the largest island of the Tuscan archipelago.
Remote, rocky terrain.
Napoleon developed and established culture on
Elba island during his years of exile.
Napoleon’s Downfall
Louis XVI of France
Louis XVIII of France
• Following Napoleon’s exile, Louis XVIII
(Bourbon King), brother of Louis XVI takes
over.
Napoleon Returns
• March 1st, 1815: Hundred days (March 1- June 1815)
– Napoleon escapes from Elba-returns- and leads army.
– June 15th, 1815
• Battle of Waterloo
– Decisive three day campaign between the French empire
and the combined forces of United Kingdom, Prussia,
United Provinces, Hanover, Nassau, and Brunswick.
– Having been declared an outlaw, Napoleon was pursued by
joint military forces.
» Mainly a British effort.
Waterloo becomes Napoleon’s final defeat.
Napoleon’s Final Home
• 1821: Exiled to the island of St. Helena.
• St. Helena- a British colony in the South Atlantic Ocean.
• Known today for its remoteness and exotic climate.
• DE-SO-LATE. Mainland of Africa hundreds of miles away;
need to ride a boat for eight hours at full speed to reach it!
• Napoleon dies on May 5th, 1821.
…murder or natural causes?
• There is still a vast amount
of controversy surrounding
the death of the great
Napoleon Bonaparte.
– Died May 5th, 1821 allegedly
of cancer.
– Cancer may have been
induced by poisons fed to
him by jealous rivals;
assassination by jealousy,
such as Caesar, or
Alexander the Great.
Tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte, Paris.