Transcript EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers

Expressing and
Experiencing Emotion
Module 30
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Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body,
and by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal
language of emotion universal?
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Expressed Emotion
 People more speedily detect an
angry face than a happy one
(Ohman, 2001a)
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Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving
emotions. Even trained professionals like police
officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists
detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Link 3:37
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?
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Link Eckman on dateline 12:33
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Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal
Behavior
Women are much better at discerning
nonverbal emotions than men.
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Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were
shown basic facial expressions, they did
fairly well at recognizing them (Matsumoto
& Ekman, 1989).
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion
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Culture and Emotional Expression
• Facial expression such as happiness and fear are
common throughout the world. (Universal
language)
• Americans are more likely than Asians to openly
display their feelings by their facial expressions.
• Children’s facial expressions – even those of blind
children who have never seen a face– are also
universal.
• To effectively manage emotions, people would be
best advised to control their facial expressions.
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Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin
speculated that
our ancestors
communicated
with facial
expressions in the
absence of
language.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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The Effects of Facial Expression
Facial Feedback Hypothesis - If facial
expressions are manipulated, mood is
manipulated.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips
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touch causes the brow to furrow.
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The Effects of Facial Expressions
• When people
mimicked
expressions of
emotion,
they
experienced
those emotions.
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Experienced Emotion
Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for
contempt, shame, and guilt.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger
through action or
fantasy ---achieves an
emotional release
or “catharsis.”
Opposing Theory-- Expressing
anger breeds more anger, and
through reinforcement it is habitforming.
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Happiness
People who are happy
perceive the world as
being safer.
They are able to make
decisions easily, are
more cooperative, rate
job applicants more
favorably, and live
healthier, energized,
and more satisfied
lives.
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Happiness is...
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Age
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Education levels
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Parenthood (having children or not)
Have a meaningful religious faith
Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise
Money
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Dan Gilbert on Happiness
• http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/dan_gil
bert_researches_happiness.html
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Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing
to help others.
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Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling
of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on
new positive psychology is on the rise.
http://web.fineliving.com
Link
Origins of
Pleasure
16:17
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Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum
within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative
moods stay more or less the same
throughout the day.
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Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups
and downs tend to balance.
Courtesy of Anna Putt
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Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they
were wealthier, they would be happier.
However, data suggests that they would
only be happy temporarily.
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Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like
health: Its utter
absence can breed
misery, yet having
it is no guarantee
of happiness.
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Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective wellbeing (happiness
+ satisfaction)
measured in 82
countries shows
Puerto Rico and
Mexico (poorer
countries) at the
top of the list.
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Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than
money report higher life satisfaction.
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Experienced Emotion
The Adaptation-Level Principle:
Happiness is Relative to Our Prior Experience
If our current condition increases, we feel an initial
surge of pleasure.
We then adapt to this new level of achievement,
come to consider it as normal, and require
something even better to give us another surge of
happiness.
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Relative Deprivation
 Relative Deprivation
 perception that one is worse off compared to
their peers.
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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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