Transcript Canadian Geography 1202

CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY 1202
UNIT 2 – HUMAN POPULATION
ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY
Chapter Four – The Human Landscape – Who We Are
 Diversity:
the condition of having
differences or a great variety
DIVERSITY IN CANADA



Canada has a rich cultural fabric: the combination
of cultural features that makes one country different
from other countries
Culture: the beliefs, traditions, and ways of life of a
group of people.
Cultural Diversity: strengthened global
connections between Canada and the rest of the
world
STATISTICS
 Approximately
20% of Canadians
were born outside of Canada
 1867: 3.5 million
 1967: 20 million
 34.8 million people living in Canada
 Tokyo has more people than Canada
 US has 10 times more people than
Canada
IN PERSPECTIVE :
THE WORLD FACTBOOK


https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/ca.html
Ethnic Groups:

Canadian 32.2%, English 19.8%, French 15.5%,
Scottish 14.4%, Irish 13.8%, German 9.8%, Italian
4.5%, Chinese 4.5%, North American Indian 4.2%,
other 50.9%

note: percentages add up to more than 100% because
respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic
origin (2011 est.)
TYPES OF DIVERSITY



Cultural Diversity: strengthened global
connections between Canada and the rest of the
world
Physical Diversity: variety of landforms,
differences in soil, climate, vegetation
Economic Diversity: different ways in which
Canadians earn a living
GROUP ACTIVITY –
ECONOMIC DIVERSITY
PROVIDE A SPECIFIC JOB FOR EACH
CATEGORY
- FORESTRY
- MINING
- MANUFACTURING
- CONSTRUCTION
- TRANSPORTATION
- COMMUNICATIONS
- RETAILING
- FINANCE
TERMS
 Population:
the number of people in a specific
place/time.
 Population
Density: the number of people in
every square kilometre
 Population
Density = Population
Land Area (km2)
* Canada's PD is 3.4 people per square kilometre
TERMS



Culture: the beliefs, traditions, and ways of life
of a group of people (food, music, architecture,
family traditions, spiritual beliefs and
recreational activities)
Cultural Imprints: aspects of culture that
enrich the Canadian Cultural Landscape
Multiculturalism: a social system in which
people of different ethnic backgrounds are
encouraged to maintain their traditions and
customs
OUR CULTURAL DIVERSITY


Canada places great importance on honoring the
cultural diversity and ethnic backgrounds of
immigrants
The government has a policy that governs this:
Multiculturalism Act which encourages cultural
diversity and respect for cultural diversity within a
country

preserve identity, encourage understanding of
differences, promotes racial and ethnic harmony
* Does not eliminate cultural discrimination


Canada is a CULTURAL MOSAIC
Canada’s Multiculturalism offers an incredible
way to learn, live and love cultural diversity
Opposite of Canada’s Cultural Mosaic….
 Assimilation: the act of making differences the
same. Many countries prefer that immigrants
integrate quickly into the culture of their new
homeland
US’ MELITING POT
IN CLASS QUESTIONS
A. PAGE 161 QUESTIONS 1, 3, 4B, 5A,
&7
B. PAGE 167 QUESTION 4
PATTERNS & TRENDS

Demography: the numerical study of the
characteristics, trends, and issues of a
population, a way of analyzing a population using
numbers

Governments believe it is important to set up
organizations like Statistics Canada to look after this
work, research and info
4 FACTORS OF
POPULATION CHANGE




Birth Rate: the number of births per 1000
population
Death Rate: the number of deaths per 1000
population
Emigration: when people leave one country to live
in another (E = EXIT)
Immigration: the movement of a person into a
foreign country as a permanent resident (I = IN)
What does this graph tell us?
Birth Rate & Immigration Increase Population
 Death Rate & Emigration Decrease Population


Natural Increase Rate: a specific calculation that is an
indicator of how quickly a population is growing

Natural Increase = # Births – # Deaths

Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration

Population Change = (Birth – Death) + (Immigration – Emigration)

For Canada the natural increase rate is 4 people for every
1000 Canadians
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Shape reveals a lot about the population
 Start with children at the base and end with
elderly people at the top
 Wide base = lots of children, high birth rate
 Symmetry: males and females usually similar, any
asymmetry indicates a difference between male and
female population
 Shape: concave sides indicate a high death rate
and convex sides indicate a lower death rate
 Irregularities in the sides = Anomaly: deviation
from the common rule or method

CLASSIFYING
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
1. Expansive or Expanding
 Have a triangular or pyramid shape .
 The wide base indicates a high birth rate and the
narrow top indicates a high death rate.
2. Stationary or Stable
 Have a ½ eclipse shape.
 The base is similar in width to the population of the
reproductive ages which indicates a stable population.
3. Contractive or Contracting
 Have a narrower base than the reproductive age
population.
 This indicates a decreasing population.
Which Type of Population Pyramid?
….. Expanding
Which Type of Population Pyramid?
…. Stationary
Which Type of Population Pyramid?
…. Contractive
QUESTIONS
PAGE
173 # 1, 3
‘ I AM JOE ’
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=BRIA3VAKVG&SAFETY_MODE=TRUE&PERSIST_S
AFETY_MODE=1&SAFE=ACTIVE
IMMIGRATION
 Handled
by the government, Citizenship
and Immigration Canada (CIC)
 Potential
immigrants
must not be a danger to Canadians
 cannot have dangerous and transmittable
diseases
 cannot have criminal records or be involved
in suspicious activities

CANADA & IMMIGRATION

Main Objectives of Immigration Policy
1. To reunite Canadian residents with close
family members from abroad.
2. To protect genuine refugees.
3. To help develop a strong economy.
4. To maintain and protect the health, safety
and good order of Canadian Society.
FOUR MAJOR CATEGORIES
OF IMMIGRANTS
1. Economic: financially self-sufficient, these
people are given preferential treatment
2. Family: one parent comes to Canada, sponsor
the rest of the family to join them
3. Refugees: have had to flee from their
homelands to escape persecution, torture, death.
Canada allows a limited number of refugees, they
require programs to help them adjust
4. Other
pg. 174
250 000 IMMIGRANTS A YEAR
%



Categories of Immigrants
49% Family re-unification
31 % Independent immigrants
20 % Refugees
WHY DOES CANADA NEED IMMIGRANTS?






Low birth rate in Canada (Population
decline)
To maintain our high standard of living
Meet the demand for skilled workers
Canadians leaving (emigration)
Encourage trade with other countries
Contribute to Canada’s rich diversity
POINT SYSTEM
used to evaluate which immigrant
applicants have the necessary
characteristics to settle successfully in
Canada
 maximum number of points is 100 and
the passing mark is 67

http://www.workpermit.com/canada/poin
ts_calculator.htm
...


greatest number of immigrants to
Canada are from countries in Asia
immigrants attracted to Canada
because they see it as a place of
economic advantage that openly
respects cultural diversity
SIX FACTORS OF INTEREST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Education
Official language Proficiency
Work Experience
Age
Pre-arranged Employment in Canada
Adaptability
PATTERNS OF IMMIGRATION

Push Factors: the economic and
political considerations that influence
a person’s decision to emigrate
PATTERNS OF IMMIGRATION
 Pull
Factors: the economic and
political considerations that influence
an immigrant’s choice of destination
* Most important pull
factor is a chance for
steady employment
and higher wages
SETTLING IN …
most Canadians live in urban areas
 many immigrants choose urban cities
 Connect Canadians to their cultural
communities
 Greater employment opportunities
 three largest cities: Montreal, Toronto,
Vancouver
 Toronto is the most culturally diverse
city in the whole world
 By 2017, more than 50% of Torontonians
will be visible minorities

BARRIERS OF
IMMIGRATION
not being able to find work in area
of expertise, leave Canada to seek
opportunities in other places
 work in low paying jobs unrelated to
their fields
 some Canadians feel as though
immigrants are taking jobs away
from people who were born in
Canada

QUESTION
CONSIDER CURRENT NEWS STORIES THAT
YOU HAVE READ OR HEARD ABOUT.
WHAT ARE THE BOOMING AREAS IN
CANADA RIGHT NOW THAT ARE DRAWING
SKILLED WORKERS?
MIGRATION PATTERNS


Out-Migration: when people leave
a province or territory
In-Migration: people coming to live
permanently in a new province or
territory
ALBERTA
high oil in prices and a decline in
manufacturing jobs have caused people
to leave Ontario and go to Alberta
 economic boom due to the development
of the oil sands
 no provincial deficit, no provincial
sales tax
 largest net in-migration of any
province or territory

INTERPROVINCIAL
MIGRATION
changes the total number of people
living in a province
 changes the makeup of the
population with respect to the
number of people in different age
and income groups

FORCED MIGRATION
Flee homes for fear of being killed or imprisoned
(refugees)
 Homes destroyed by weather (flood or hurricane)
 Food shortage

IN CLASS QUESTIONS
PAGE 181 FIGURE 4.21:
► WHICH PROVINCES
OUT MIGRATION?
HAVE THE
► WHERE ARE THEY GOING?
PAGE 181: 1, 2A, 2B
HIGHEST
THE LAND BEFORE CANADA

Aboriginal: term used by Canada’s Constitution
to refer to the descendents of the original
inhabitants of the land that is now Canada.
Includes all First Nations, Inuit, and Métis
people
Christopher Columbus called the first people he
met Indians because he thought he had arrived
on the shores of India
 First Nations: a distinct group of Aboriginal
peoples who share the same culture and history


Began in 1970s to replace the term Indian
 Inuit:
refers to Aboriginal people who
live in Canada’s Arctic regions
 Métis:
descendants of European fur
traders and Aboriginal peoples who
settled in the Interior Lowland region,
30% of Aboriginal peoples are Métis
https://www.historica-dominion.ca/content/heritageminutes/jacques-cartier?media_type=41&
KANATA
HISTORY OF ABORIGINALS
 Many
were hunters and gatherers
 Some were farmers and fishers
 Depended on the land and traded
 Their society has Spiritual Beliefs:
sacred or religious aspects of human
belief
 50 Aboriginal languages spoken across
Canada
 Three languages will survive: Cree,
Ojibway, Inuktitut

Oral Traditions: they believe that
they have lived on the land now known
as Canada since time began

History, knowledge, and values as told in
stories and legends that have been
passed along for thousands of generations
ABORIGINAL COMMUNITIES
 Fewer
than half of Canada’s 1.5 million
Aboriginal people live on reserves:
land that is legally owned by the
federal government but has been set
aside for use by a First Nations group
 Some face homelessness, racism,
stereotyping, poverty
 Government policies fail to improve
their lives
LIVING ON THE LAND
 Strong
connections to land
 They rely on land and water for growth
and prosperity
 Just as natural systems influence the
economy and culture of all peoples
today, a wide range of landscapes
provided the Aboriginal peoples with
many different plants and animals that
shaped their lifestyles and traditions


Research and write a minimum of 500
words on the Beothuk; the Aboriginal
group that lived at the time of
colonization in Newfoundland
Due: Monday

Assessment: Organization, Content, Voice
BEOTHUK
Unit Assignment
CANADIAN
EXPLORATION
TRANSATLANTIC MIGRATION
(1500-1900)
Europe was the source of migration
 John Cabot: 1497 landed in
Bonavista and Cape Breton
 He saw a lot of codfish and saw
this as a valuable resource (salt and
dry)
 English established fishery and
France, Spain and other European
nations sent ships to NL

JOHN CABOT
-Italian Navigator and Explorer
- Born 1450
- Disappeared 1499
-First European to discover North
America since the Vikings
Construction of Cabot Tower began in 1898 to
commemorate the 400th anniversary of John
Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen
Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.
THE FRENCH IN CANADA
 Interested
in more than fishery
 Wanted to permanently colonize
region
 Jacques Cartier, 1541 a French
explorer settled near St Lawrence
River
- Born in France
- Goal: seek a route to Asia through the North
American continent and contribute to the spread of
Catholicism across the globe
- First voyage in 1534: NL and NB, he kidnapped two
Iroquois men
- 1535: returned with prisoners who led him up St.
Lawrence seaway
Felt vulnerable
around Natives
- reluctant to ask
them for help when
his men became
gravely ill with
scurvy
- viewed them as
barbaric, uncivilised
and in need of the
invention of
European
colonization (savages)
Acadia
1603, Samuel Champlain, French explorer claimed
Acadian territory for France
 Includes NS, PEI, NB

New France

1608, Champlain established New France in Quebec City
British
Loyalists: had once been American colonists, left
America when they were losing interdependence and
wanted to remain part of Britain
 Between 1755 and 1763 the British expelled Acadians
because they would not take an oath of loyalty to the
British Crown. Thousands were sent to the US.

20 Places
named after
him for
example:
-Lake Champlain
-Champlain Mall
(Moncton)
- Provincial Park
(Ontario)
- Fort Champlain
- French navigator,
cartographer, soldier, explorer,
geographer,
- Began exploring North
America in 1603
- 1604-1607: explored and
settled the first permanent
European settlement north of
Florida, Port Royal, Acadia
- 1608: established Quebec City
and dreamed that it would
become the centre of the furtrade
- First European to explore and
describe the Great Lakes
- 1620: Louis XIII ordered him
to return to Quebec and
administer the country where he
served as Governor of New
France, established trading
companies that sent goods to
France
QUESTIONS
 P.194
Activate
Your Learning
 #s 1,2&3
 Use pp 188-193
to help with #3.
French – Acadia
and New France
 British –
Loyalists and
Upper Canada
 Since 1900

 Due
at beginning
of next class.
Question #1 A-G Page 195
 Answer the question by creating a
poster which will become a Creative
Cultural Profile of YOU


Due: Two Weeks

Assessment on page 195
POSTER
Unit Project
CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY 1202
UNIT TWO
Chapter Five – Urban and Rural Canada: Building
Sustainable Communities
ACTIVITY
1. PAGE 196
QUESTION # 1. A, B
2. WHAT IS A CITY?
POPULATION
Canada’s population growing at a small pace
 Some cities are growing rapidly


Which type of community do you prefer and why?

WHERE DO CANADIANS LIVE?

in many different communities, majority in cities
CITIES
 Provide
services for people
 Provide support for major league sports
teams, universities, major cultural and
entertainment activities
 Provide economic growth
 Provide technological innovation
TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
Community
Population
Hamlet
< 200 ppl
Village
200-800 ppl
Town
1000 – 10 000 ppl
City
> 10 000 ppl
Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) > 100 000 ppl
URBAN VS. RURAL




- communities can be all shapes and sizes
- Urban: area where people are spread out at a high density
- Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs): very large densely
populated city areas, includes rural and urban. Made up of
one or more neighboring municipalities located around an
urban core. Total population of at least 100 000 with an
urban core of at least 50 000 people
- Population Centre: more specifically defines urban areas,
population of at least 1000 and a density of 400 or more
people per square kilometre
 small: 1000 and 29 999 people
 medium: 30 000 and 99 999 people
 large: 100 000 people and over
CLASS ACTIVITY
ON TARGET
PAGE
199
CANADA
one of the largest countries in the world but most
of the land creates a challenge for building cities
 81% of Canadians live in large population centres
 Canada’s Three Largest Cities: home to 35%
Canada’s population


Urbanization: the growing trend of increasing
numbers of people choosing to live in cities
IN CLASS QUESTIONS
P.
207
 #s 1, 3 & 4
CANADA’S HEARTLAND

1.
2.

Very popular for settlement:
Golden Horseshoe Region in Southern Ontario
Golden Horseshoe Region in Montreal Region
 Hospitable climate and rich soils
 Access to waterways, provide transportation
and trade routes
* Today 8.5 million people live in the Golden
Horseshoe; by 2031, it will be 11.5 million
WESTERN CANADA
BC developed ports for trading
 Moderate climate
 Abundance of fish stocks
 Forestry industry
 ALL of this led to development of cities
 Combination of natural and human systems
contributed to growth of Canada’s Prairie provinces
 Growth of railway
 Offers of free land from government, many settlers
moved west
 MORE people headed west and Calgary, Regina and
Winnipeg grew

YOU CHOOSE 1 or 2
 1. Individually or in Groups with a
MAXIMUM of THREE students will write a
MINIMUM of 750 words on either the
 Canadian Pacific Railway
OR
 Free Land in the West
 2. Individually or in Groups with a
MAXIMUM of THREE students will create
a photo essay (5) on either the
 Canadian Pacific Railway
OR
 Free Land in the West

Due: Two Weeks

Assessment: Content, Organization, Voice,
RESEARCH
PROJECT
Unit Project #2
RESOURCE-BASED
COMMUNITIES
20% Canadians live in rural areas
 Rural communities grow around a primary industry:
fishing, forestry, mining
 They provide excellent opportunities for employment
 Little accumulation of capital
 Business Cycle: recurring periods of increased and
decreased economic activity
 Can be very Dynamic
 Rural communities struggle to retain services
(hospitals and schools)

NL IN 1992
 Cod
fishery collapsed in Atlantic Canada
 many communities were seriously affected
 federal government placed a moratorium
(BAN) on cod fishing, leaving many
fisherman and fish plant workers out of work
 fishing industry now focuses on plentiful fish
(ex. Shellfish)
IRON ORE IN NL
 demands
for iron ore soared
 used for making steel
 demand from China and India
 arrival of workers has led to intense
competition for housing, causing rent to
increase
ACTIVITY
READ MEDIA WATCH PAGE 206
ANSWER QUESTION #3, 4 PAGE 207
QUESTIONS #1, 3 PAGE 207
URBAN LAND USE


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Land Use: identifies the different areas where
people live, shop, work, play and go to school
Six Main Designations for Urban Land Use
Residential Land Use
Transportation Land Use
Commercial Land Use
Industrial Land Use
Institutional Land Use
Open Space and Recreational Land Use
Residential Land Use:
Land that has been
allocated to living
space
 In your community
there may be singlefamily houses,
townhouses, and
apartment buildings

Transportation Land Use:
Important in
community planning
 Moving people and
goods is easier by
roads, highways,
subways, streetcars,
trains, airplanes

Commercial Land Use:
Land that has been
assigned to business
activities, or the
buying and selling of
products and services
 Goods and Services
found along a main
street, in a
neighborhood plaza,
mall, big-box stores

Industrial Land Use:
Land allocated to
factories, warehouses,
and other secondary
industries
 Located along major
transportation routes
(highways, rail lines)
 Access to these routes
is IMPORTANT

Open-Space & Recreational
Land Use

Open-Space: Land
that has been left in
its natural state


Institutional Land Use:

Urban land that is
occupied by schools,
hospitals, places of
worship, and
government offices
Ex. Forest
Recreational:
playgrounds, parks,
golf courses, sports
fields
LAND USE PLANNING
Big Challenge: provide housing for a growing
population and maintain a prosperous urban
economy WHILE satisfying the need for green
open space and protect wildlife habitats around
urban places
 These decisions are made by transportation
planners, politicians, developers and citizens

ACTIVITY
READ GEOLAB CHALLENGE PAGE 212
ANSWER QUESTIONS #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 PAGE 213
BOOMING URBAN
CENTRES
After Railway: towns developed along rail lines
and linked Canada from coast to coast
 Other forms of transportation developed
 After WWII: explosion of urban centers
 Economy thriving, car ownership increased and
allowed families to move out of the city
 Suburbs were born
 Migration of service industries: banks,
restaurants, hospitals, shopping malls

ACTIVITY
LISTEN TO “BIG YELLOW TAXI” AND
ANSWER QUESTIONS 1, 2, 3 THAT FOLLOW
(PG 215)
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=94BDMSCDW20&SAF
ETY_MODE=TRUE&PERSIST_SAFETY_MODE=1&SAFE=ACTIVE
GROUP ACTIVITY
READING A POPULATION TABLE
- PAGE 217
- PAGE 216 QUESTION # 2, 4
AUTOMOBILES
With the shift of services to the suburbs, the need
arises for more parking lots
 Fuelling and parking cars is a major cost both to
the environment and to the consumer
 Decisions about driving effect our quality of life
and impact the natural environment


* 10 million Canadians hit the roads every day
just to get to work

Figure 5.24 page 219
CASE STUDY
URBAN SPRAWL: THE PHENOMENON OF THE
OUTWARD EXPANSION OF URBAN CENTERS TO NEARBY
BORDERING AREAS
GREENBELT:
LAND FORMED IN URBAN AREAS THAT
IS PROTECTED FROM DEVELOPMENT
READ AND ANSWER QUESTIONS #1,2 PAGE 221
COSTS OF URBAN SPRAWL
 Challenges



of a Growing City:
Traffic congestion, overburdened services, air
pollution, planning for efficient mass transit,
managing wastes, containing urban sprawl
Smog: noxious mixture of air pollutants. Caused
by idling cars, industrial development, burning
of fossil fuels
High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes: available to
buses and passenger vehicles carrying at least
two people, designed to move people through
congested areas (major highways)
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Amount of waste increases as population increases
 Development of extensive recycling and composting
programs
 Canadians are falling short on recycling
 Provincial Governments are piloting different
collection approaches
 Problem: Where to put our waste?
 Some have transferred it to other regions of
Canada and the US
 REAL SOLUTION = REDUCE

THE FUTURE
Small villages, narrow row housing, small front lawns,
detached garages, second floor apartments
 Some communities focus on pedestrian walkways to
encourage walking and cycling and reduce need for cars
 Services accessible by everyone

Smart Growth: concept that involves plans for
urban expansion that also preserve the natural
environment
 New Urbanism: a movement to reform the
design of physical communities (traditional front
porches, back lanes, mix of land uses)
 Complete Cities: a place where people could
live, work, and shop without ever having to get
into their car

SMART GROWTH
PRINCIPLES
Mix Land Use
 Choice in Transportation
 Routes for Safe Walking
 Protect Green Space (ex. Farmland)
 Protect Wildlife

GREEN TECHNOLOGIES

Are environmentally conscious ways of
constructing buildings, are becoming more and
more popular
Alternative sources are being explored for
widespread urban use, ex. Solar energy, wind
turbines, green roofs
 Sustainability is not limited to energy sources,
includes home construction

TELECOMMUTING



Do you know anyone who works from home using
“electronic commuting”?
… is the process of commuting electronically to
work
Telecommuters save CO2, fuel, mileage, and
congestion and pollution are reduced
READING
PAGE 226 & 227
QUESTION #1 PAGE 227
CASE STUDY
PAGE 231 QUESTIONS #1,2,3,4 & 5
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
The amount of the Earth’s resources it takes to
support your lifestyle, measured in hectares
 Your ecological footprint is made up of:
1. Transportation use
2. Water use
3. Space for work and play
4. Money you spend
5. Distance your food has been shipped
6. Living Space
7. Garbage you create

GROUP ACTIVTY
PAGE 233 QUESTION # 1, 3-7.
OMIT #2
True & False &
Multiple Choice
Quiz
CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY 1202
UNIT TWO
Chapter Eight – Making a Living in Canada
Page 348
GROUP ACTIVTY
PAGE 348 QUESTIONS 1, 2, 3
Canadians work to earn money
 Do you have a part-time job?
 What do you need the money for? Supporting
your family? Entertainment and hobbies?
 Not even a full-time job can provide everything
you want
 Much of work income goes toward basic items
such as accommodation, food, clothes, and
transportation
 Many jobs available depending on skills,
interests and education

WORK IS A TWO WAY
STREET
When Canadians work, they trade their time and
ability for payment
 In turn, the people or companies they work for
provide goods and services to others


Every job in Canada contributes to the quality of
life in Canada
CANADIAN INDUSTRIES
Most items in your possession have a label that
indicate where it was made
 Consider ALL the people who have helped get
your shirt to you






Harvest Cotton
Make Cloth
Manufacture Shirt
Transport Shirt
Sell Shirt
CANADIAN INDUSTRIES


Industry: particular types of labor that are done
in exchange for pay
Economy: the goods and services Canadians
produce and exchange which is divided into
certain sectors and levels
PRIMARY INDUSTRY
Canada has abundant natural resources and is
considered one of the wealthiest countries in the
world
 Major companies in the past depended on natural
resources



Ex. Hudson’s Bay Company: beaver pelts
Others depended on coal, fish, lumber
Today Canada’s economy depends more on other
industries but many still centre on forestry,
mining, farming, fishing
 Primary Industries: those who work directly
with natural resources / raw materials (risky and
physically demanding)

SECONDARY INDUSTRY
We use natural resources to develop and
manufacture products for consumers
 Secondary Industries (Manufacturing
Industry): build, construct, and manufacture
products from these raw materials
 Canadians have reputation for producing airplanes,
cars, paper
 Popular myth that this industry is a low-skill
industry -- NOT TRUE
 Many are technical and require a high degree of skill



Ex. Computer hardware assembly, precision tools
Canada has a highly skilled workforce
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Canada has some of the world’s largest producers
of cars and trucks (Ford, General Motors,
DaimlerChrysler, Honda, Toyota)
 Divided into two parts:

1. Assembly of vehicles
 2. Manufacture of car and truck parts


Best country in North America for delivering
high quality cars and automotive parts
TERTIARY INDUSTRY

Tertiary Industry: service jobs

ex. Doctors, lawyers, actors, chefs, fast food
Industrialized: shift from primary and secondary
industries to tertiary industries, they are wealthy,
powerful, good quality of life
 Services keep us safe, comfortable, and informed


* 13.6 million Canadians work in service industries
CANADIAN INDUSTRIES
Contact Centre Industry: a hub of workers
where customers can call in or email for technical
support, customer service, hotel bookings, car
rentals, and other services
 NB has Canada’s largest


Quaternary Industry: those involving the
creation of knowledge, ideas, and technology –
intellectual services that are the basis of research
and development (create solutions to problems)

ex. Scientific research, telecommunication,
pharmaceutical and consulting companies
Knowledge Economy: the creation of
information to produce economic benefits
 Innovation: the creation of new ideas


Ex. Managerial, science and education, governmental
service jobs
Increase in the number of jobs requiring both of
these things
 Networking: exchanging information, contacts,
and experience with people for business purposes
 Entrepreneurs: people who run their own
businesses. These people face the risk of starting
a business but also have great flexibility to try
out new ideas and be innovative

GEOLAB CHALLENGE
PAGE 361
Questions: 1, 2, 3, 4
CONNECTIONS


No industry stands alone, they all depend on one
another
CARS








Working on assembly line
Mining industry (make plastic and metal)
Petroleum products
Recycling of cars
Disposal of non-recyclable components
Car crashes (tow trucks)
Forensic investigators
Medical examiners
QUESTIONS
Page 363
#1, 2a, 3
WORK CHALLENGES
When you cannot find work a chain reaction of
difficulties occur
 Only about 2% of Canadians who are eligible to
work are 18 years of age and over, and are not in
school full time (some ill and simply cannot work)
 Seasonal unemployment for workers in resource
industries such as tourism, the fishery, and
construction also presents challenges

JOB MARKET
Quickly changing, cause of unemployment
 Employment is affected by the cost of operating a
business
 Business Incentives: advantages offered to
businesses which encourages them to continue
operating in their present locations or to lure
them to a new location ex. Low-interest loans or
lower taxes
 New locations can reduce the cost of operations
but causes job loss

Industrial Millwright: a person who keeps
machinery in a factory in running order
 Mason: a person who builds with stone or brick

Children are the worst victims of poverty
 1 in 10 children lives in poverty

Low-income jobs do not provide the necessary funds to
cover basic needs
 Underemployed: being unable to find a job that
matches up with your skills, abilities, training, and
education
 Working Poor: a job that pays a small wage that does
not provide for their basic needs (older women, single
parents, recent immigrants, young people)





Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms promises
equality for everyone, economic equality is very
difficult to bring about
Job-Sharing: the sharing of responsibility and pay
of one full-time job by two or more part-time
workers
Success in finding good work is often related to
support from friends and family
Many work for free, stay-at-home parents, those
taking care of aging parents, volunteers, coaches
DIVERSITY OF INDUSTRY
In some cases one parent may stay in a
community with children to create stability while
the other moves to an area that has employment
opportunities
 In NL, many manufacturers and processing
plants have closed over the years
 Thousands move from NL to Fort McMurray to
earn income and return home
 Family decisions based on their economic and
employment and economic situations


Re-education, moving, personal businesses
QUESTIONS
Page 369 #2
COMMUNICATION
Communication technology has played a big role
in the connections people have with others
around the world
 Technology has shrunk Canada
 Many advances in technology have connections to
Canada

Marconi: wireless telegraphy: radio
 Fressenden: audio and video transmission
 Bell: telephone

• Pg 370
Satellite TV
Cellphones
Internet
• Canada was 1st
• 972 (Anik A1’s)
• 1973: CBC began live
• Grew faster in Canada than
anywhere else
• Centre of entertainment (audio,
video, radio, Internet, email, text)
• Quickly grown & widely used in Canada
• Made it more affordable to be in regular contact
with people across the country and world
INTERNET
Smart Tech (Calgary) is leader in worldwide
white board technology
 Blog: short form for weblogs, sophisticated
digital journals that authors can choose to share
with the world (video logs called vlogs)
 Podcasts: audio files downloaded and enjoyed by
anyone with access
 A lot of services available online (bank)
 Video conferencing

INTERNET

People can now work from home

Benefits include:





Companies reducing cost of office spaces
Companies reducing cost of parking spaces
Eliminate frustration of commuting
Reduce air pollution
Not all Canadians have equal access to
telecommunication technologies


Those living in poverty
Those living in rural communities
QUESTION
Page 373 #1
TRANSPORTATION

Transportation connects Canadians to their work



Roadways, railways, waterways, airways
Certain products that are available in some
regions in Canada are not directly accessible in
other areas
DELIVERING
1962: Trans Canada Highway 7821 km
 Trucks transport goods
 Just-in-time System: the delivery of materials
required for manufacturing right before they are
needed
 Trucks carry over 200 million tonnes of goods a year
in Canada

TRANSPORTATION

ROADWAYS

Most popular form

Buses, subways, rail
Most depend on cars
 Gridlock: the backup of traffic in an urban area



WHAT are the ADVANTAGES of Having
your own Car ? ? ?
OTHER

Metro Bus, Subway, Carpool
TRANSPORTATION

WATERWAYS


Shipping lanes on the water
Advantages:
Large for carrying
 Produce less pollution
 Less expensive to operate

* 1/3 of all natural resources obtained in Canada
are shipped out to other countries
TRANSPORTATION

RAILWAYS
Canadian Pacific Railway completed in 1885
 Carry more goods than people



Labrador: railway used to carry iron ore
AIRWAYS
Much more expensive than ship, train, truck
 Reserved for perishable cargo that can be moved quickly
 Canadian airlines transport 80 million passengers each
year
 Hubs: major centers used to transfer points

TRANSPORTATION

PIPELINES




Transport oil and gas to refineries, water to purification
plants
Built over mountain ranges, on permafrost and underwater
Trans-Canada Pipeline carries natural gas in a pipe that is 1
m in diameter
They disturb wildlife habitats and migration patterns


Labrador: railway used to carry iron ore
AIRWAYS




Much more expensive than ship, train, truck
Reserved for perishable cargo that can be moved quickly
Canadian airlines transport 80 million passengers each year
Hubs: major centers used to transfer points
CLASS PROJECT
1.
Choose a Province other than NL
2.
List 2 primary, 2 secondary, 2 tertiary, 2
quaternary industries
3.
List products exported and imported
4.
List main types of transportation
5.
Analyze job market (shortages, unemployment)
6.
CREATE A POWERPOINT TO PRESENT INFO