Transcript Development Through the Lifespan

Exploring
Lifespan Development
Chapter 3
Prenatal
Development, Birth,
and the Newborn
Baby
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Conception and Implantation
Figure 3.1
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Figure 4.1 Life is sexually transmitted
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Periods of Prenatal
Development
Period
Length
Key Events
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Zygote
2 weeks
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arms, legs, face, organs,
muscles all develop
heart begins beating
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“growth and finishing”
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Embryo
Fetus
6 weeks
30 weeks
fertilization
implantation
start of placenta
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Embryonic stage (2-8 weeks)
 Major bodily systems develop
 Spontaneous abortion: usually due to
chromosomal abnormalities, severely
defective embryos. Occurs usually without
mother aware (50% end in miscarriage; 15%
known to mother)
Fetal Stage (8-birth)
 Appearance of bone cells; rapid growth; more
complex organ development; begin to
interact with environment; learn and
remember (sound, voices)
Figure 4.2 Prenatal development
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Sensitive Periods in
Prenatal Development
Figure 3.2
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Factors Affecting
Harm from Teratogens

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Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age at time of exposure
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Prenatal Development
Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on
Prenatal Development
Fig. 2.10
Types of Teratogens
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Drugs
prescription
 nonprescription
 illegal
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Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
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Teratogen: is a substance that can cross the
placental barrier and harm the child. Alcohol
and tobacco are perhaps the most common and
damaging. Mercury, landfills, lead paint
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combo of retarded
growth, face and body malformations, disorders
of the nervous system. ADHD symptoms,
attention, distractibility, learning difficulties,
memory and mood impairment.
Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriage,
retardation, still birth, small head syndrome,
medical problems.
Marijuana: birth defects, low birth weight,
ADHD, learning problems, visual and
perceptual skills deficit, impulsivity- impacts
frontal lobe.
Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, delayed
growth, premature labor. Low birth weight,
birth defects, neurological deficits; acute
withdrawal following birth; overall, significant
neurological deficits.
HIV/AIDS: likely to spread it to fetus.
Maternal Illnesses: colds, STDs, general
medical problems.
Maternal Stress: wide psychological disorders,
deformities. Negative emotional/behavioral
Over 35: for the mother-diabetes, high BP,
severe bleeding. Child- premature birth, birth
defects, retarded growth.
Physical Development—
Hazards to Prenatal Development
14
Maternal Factors in Healthy
Prenatal Development
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Infectious diseases
Nutrition
Emotional stress
Rh blood factor
Age
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The Apgar Scale
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
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Motor Development
Reflexes
Sucking reflex
Automatic sucking object
placed in newborn’s mouth
Rooting reflex
Reaction when infant’s cheek is
stroked or side of mouth touched
Moro reflex
Startle response in reaction to
sudden, intense noise or movement
Grasping reflex
Occurs when something touches
infant’s palms; infant response
is to grasp tightly
Infant States of Arousal
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Regular sleep
Irregular sleep
Drowsiness
Quiet alertness
Waking activity
Crying
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Newborn Sense of Touch
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Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms,
soles, genitals
Highly sensitive to pain
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relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar solution,
gentle holding
physical touch releases endorphins
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Newborn Senses of
Taste and Smell
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Prefer sweet tastes at birth
Quickly learn to like new tastes
Have odor preferences from birth
Can locate odors and identify mother by
smell from birth
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Newborn Sense of Hearing
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Can hear a wide variety of sounds at
birth
Prefer complex sounds to pure tones
Learn sound patterns within days
Sensitive to voices and biologically
prepared to learn language
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Newborn Sense of Vision

Least developed sense at
birth
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visual structures in eyes and
brain not fully formed
Limited acuity
Scan environment, track
moving objects
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Birth
Bonding
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Needs to occur shortly after birth
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Early emotional attachments may create healthy
interactions after leaving hospital
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Rooming-in arrangements offered
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Massages and tactile stimulation for premature
infants affect development
New Family Adjustment
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Challenge of early weeks
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new roles
changed schedule
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Recommended now: Comfort your baby:
 comfort baby when they cry
 feed them when they are hungry
 play with them when they are awake
 “spoil” them as much as you can! (studies
show that baby must learn that they have an
effect on their environment, and therefore
control over their own experience. Important
for cognitive and social development
 babies need to know that they can make things
happen
 being responsive to baby