Transcript Development Through the Lifespan

Development
Through the Lifespan
Chapter 3
Prenatal Development,
Birth, and the
Newborn Baby
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Conception and Implantation
Figure 3.1
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Periods of Prenatal
Development
Period Length
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Key Events
 Fertilization
2 weeks  Implantation
 Start of placenta
 Arms, legs, face, organs,
muscles all develop
6 weeks
 Heart begins beating
30 weeks  “Growth and finishing”
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Period of the Fetus
Begins at third month
Second trimester

fetal movement felt
Third trimester

age of viability 22–26 weeks
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Sensitive Periods in
Prenatal Development
Figure 3.2
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Factors Affecting
Harm from Teratogens
Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age at time of exposure
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Teratogen Substances
Drugs
prescription
 nonprescription
 illegal

Tobacco
Alcohol
Radiation
Pollution
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Absolute Family
Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy
Occur Again?
Accutane—toxic to developing organisms
Efforts to control its damaging prenatal risks
include:
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Restriction of this and other drugs for the
treatment of severe conditions.
Improved public and patient education.
Interventions that promote widespread,
effective contraceptive use.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Disorder: Criteria for Diagnosis
Maternal Factors in
Healthy Prenatal Development
Infectious diseases
Nutrition
Emotional stress
Rh blood factor
Age
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Birth Weight and
Adult Breast Cancer Risk
Figure 3.3
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Complications
and Maternal Age
Figure 3.4
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The Effects of Emotional Stress
on the Developing Fetus
Stress hormones cross the placenta, causing a
dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity.
Fetal neurological functioning can be permanently
altered.
Maternal emotional stress predicts anxiety, short
attention span, anger, aggression, and
overactivity among preschoolers and young
children above and beyond the impact of other
risk factors.
Stress-related prenatal complications can be
greatly reduced when mothers receive the
support of family members and friends.
Three Stages of Childbirth
Figure 3.5
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The Apgar Scale
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
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The Apgar Scale
Birth Complications
Oxygen deprivation (anoxia)
Breech position
Rh factor incompatibility
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Preterm and
Small-for-Date Babies
Preterm
Small-for-Date
Born weeks before
their due date
May be appropriate
weight for length
of pregnancy
May be born at due
date or preterm
Below expected
weight for length of
pregnancy
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Pregnancy Length and
Infant Survival/Disability
Figure 3.6
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Interventions for
Preterm Infants
Isolette
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respirator
feeding tube
intravenous
medication
Special infant stimulation
 kangaroo care
Parent training in caregiving
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Infant Mortality
Around the World
Figure 3.7
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Birth Complications
Severe trauma

long-term difficulties
Mild to moderate trauma

dependent on
environment
Resilience factor
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Newborn Reflexes
Eye blink
Rooting
Sucking
Moro
Palmar grasp
Tonic neck
Stepping
Babinski
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Infant States of Arousal
Regular sleep
Irregular sleep
Drowsiness
Quiet alertness
Waking activity
and crying
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The Mysterious Tragedy of
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
SIDS is the leading cause of infant
mortality between 1 week and 12
months in industrialized nations.
Its occurrence tends to peak between 2
and 4 months of age.
How Can SIDS be Lessened?
Quitting smoking, putting babies to
sleep on their backs, and removing
bedclothes can reduce SIDS
incidents.
Pacifiers are another protective
measure.
Newborn Sense of Touch
Sensitive to touch on mouth, palms,
soles, genitals
Highly sensitive to pain
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relieve pain with anesthetics, sugar
solution, gentle holding
physical touch releases endorphins
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Newborn Senses of
Taste and Smell
Prefer sweet tastes at birth
Quickly learn to like new
tastes
Have odor preferences
from birth
Can locate odors and
identify mother by smell
from birth
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Differences in Newborns’
Smell Sensitivity
Figure 3.8
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Newborn Sense of Hearing
Can hear a wide variety of
sounds at birth
Prefer complex sounds to
pure tones
Learn sound patterns within
days
Sensitive to voices and
biologically prepared to
learn language
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Family Life
Newborn Sense of Vision
Least developed sense at birth

visual structures in eyes and
brain not fully formed
Limited acuity
Scan environment, track
moving objects
Color vision improves in first
two months
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Neonatal Behavioral
Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Evaluates newborn:
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reflexes
state changes
responsiveness to physical and social stimuli
other reactions
Uses include:
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discovering individual & cultural differences
helping parents get to know their babies
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not a good predictor of later development
Neonatal Intensive Unit Network Neurobehavioral
Scale (NNNS) for at-risk infants
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New Family Adjustment
Hormones facilitate caregiving
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oxytocin
prolactin
estrogens
hormone release and effects
may depend on experience
Challenge of early weeks
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new roles
changed schedule
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