Transcript Creating International Standards

Creating International Standards
What does “standard” mean?
When, cultural differences and traditions notwithstanding, States
agree to common rules, they can draw up an international
instrument: an agreement or convention, which are legally
binding, a recommendation or a declaration.
UNESCO participates in this effort through its standard-setting
action, serving as a central forum for coordinating the ethical,
normative and intellectual issues of our time, fostering
multidisciplinary exchange and mutual understanding, working
– where possible and desirable – towards universal agreements
on these issues, defining benchmarks and mobilizing
international opinion.
Who may provide standards?
Questions of cultural heritage, both the philosophy and of best
practices have spawned many super-national organizations of
regional and world-wide scope. These organizations offer different
subject domains and different tactics, goals, and objectives.
Council of Europe
ICOM (International Council of Museums)
ICOMOS (International Council on Sites and Monuments)
ICAHM (International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management (a
committee of ICOMOS)
IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions)
OWHC (Organization of World Heritage Cities)
UNESCO (United National Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
WMF (World Monuments Fund)
And many more
ICOMOS –what do the letters stand for?
ICOMOS is not a sovereign government. It is an organization
composed of representatives of sovereign governments.
The organization has no enforcement (no police powers). It
therefore it provides a forum for focused discussion on issues
of conservation practice and preservation.
No country fully embraces the methodologies of ICOMOS.
ICOMOS meets in “Congresses or Committees” that prepare
negotiated “charters” “Resolutions,” or “standards.”
Charters are first adopted by the General Assembly of ICOMOS
and then may be adopted by National ICOMOS committees.
United States not-ratified
Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague, 14 May 1954.
Convention against Discrimination in Education. Paris, 14 December 1960.
International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations. Rome, 26 October 1961.
Protocol Instituting a Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to be Responsible for Seeking the Settlement of any Disputes which may Arise
between States Parties to the Convention against Discrimination in Education. Paris, 10 December 1962.
Protocol to amend articles 6 and 7 of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Regina, Canada,
28 May 1987.
Convention on Technical and Vocational Education. Paris, 10 November 1989.
Regional Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas, and Degrees in Higher Education in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, 16 December
1983.
Regional Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean. Mexico
City, 19 July 1974.
International Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the Arab and European States bordering on
the Mediterranean. Nice, 17 December 1976.
Regional Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Certificates, Diplomas, Degrees and other Academic Qualifications in Higher Education in
the African States. Arusha, 5 December 1981.
Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees in Higher Education in the Arab States. Paris, 22 December 1978.
Convention on the Recognition of Studies, Diplomas and Degrees concerning Higher Education in the States belonging to the Europe Region.
Paris, 21 December 1979.
Multilateral Convention for the Avoidance of Double Taxation of Copyright Royalties, with model bilateral agreement and additional Protocol.
Madrid, 13 December 1979.
Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region. Lisbon, 11 April 1997.
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Hague, 26 March
1999.
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Paris, 2 November 2001.
Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003.
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005
Examples of Adopted Charters
International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The
Venice Charter) 1964
The Florence Charter (Historic gardens and landscapes) 1981
Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas 1987
Charter for the Protection and Management of the Archaeological Heritage 1990
Charter for the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 1996
International Charter on Cultural Tourism 1999
Principles for the Preservation of Historic Timber Structures 1999
Charter on the Built Vernacular heritage 1999
Charter format
INTRODUCTION--The Charter Ethos
Objectives of the Charter
Principles (for example)
Since domestic and international tourism is among the foremost
vehicles for cultural exchange, conservation should provide
responsible and well managed opportunities for members of the host
community and visitors to experience and understand that
community's heritage and culture at first hand.
Sub-Principles
Individual aspects of natural and cultural heritage have differing levels of
significance, some with universal values, others of national, regional
or local importance. Interpretation programmes should present that
significance in a relevant and accessible manner to the host
community and the visitor, with appropriate, stimulating and
contemporary forms of education, media, technology and personal
explanation of historical, environmental and cultural information.
Conventions, Declarations, Recommendations,
Conventions are Agreements of Standard-Setting Nature adopted under the auspices of
UNESCO solely or jointly with other International Organizations. Member states who sign
or agree to abide by the convention are added to the list of state parties
Recommendations are instruments in which “the General Conference formulates principles
and norms for the international regulation of any particular question and invites Member
States to take whatever legislative or other steps may be required in conformity with the
constitutional practice of each State and the nature of the question under consideration to
apply the principles and norms aforesaid within their respective territories”
These are therefore norms which are not subject to ratification but which Member States are
invited to apply. Recommendations are intended to influence the development of national
laws and practices.
The procedure for drafting recommendations is identical to that followed for preparing
conventions adopted by the General Conference. However, recommendations are adopted
by a simple majority, while a two-thirds majority is required for the adoption of
conventions.
Declarations are another means of defining norms, which are not subject to ratification. “In
United Nations practice, a “declaration” is a formal and solemn instrument, suitable for rare
occasions when principles of great and lasting importance are being enunciated, such as the
Declaration of Human Rights. A recommendation is less formal.
Resolutions and Declarations of ICOMOS Symposia
Resolutions and Declarations are summaries and conclusions of specific ICOMOS international meetings
of professionals.
Resolutions of the symposium on the Introduction of Contemporary Architecture into Ancient Groups of
Buildings 1972
Resolution on the Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns 1975
Tlaxcala Declaration on the Revitalization of Small Settlements 1982
Declaration of Dresden on the "Reconstruction of Monuments Destroyed by War" (1982)
Guidelines for Education and Training in the Conservation of Monuments, Ensembles and Sites 1993
The Nara Document on Authenticity (Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage
Convention, held at Nara, Japan, from 1-6 November 1994)
Declaration of San Antonio at the InterAmerican Symposium on Authenticity in the Conservation and
Management of the Cultural Heritage 1996
Principles for the recording of monuments, groups of buildings and sites 1996
The Stockholm Declaration : Declaration of ICOMOS marking the 50th anniversary of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the ICOMOS Executive and Advisory Committees at their
meetings in Stockolm, 11 September 1998)
Standards proposed by National ICOMOS Committees
Charters created by National ICOMOS Committees are related to the specific
national and regional concerns of that group. These groups are not government
offices.
The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural
Significance (The Burra Charter) (Australia ICOMOS)
Charter for the Preservation of Quebec's Heritage (Deschambault Declaration)
(ICOMOS Canada)
Appleton Charter for the Protection and Enhancement of the Built Environment
(ICOMOS Canada)
First Brazilian Seminar About the Preservation and Revitalization of Historic
Centers (ICOMOS Brazil)
Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (ICOMOS New
Zealand)
A Preservation Charter for the Historic Towns and Areas of the United States of
America (US/ICOMOS)
Other International Standards
Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments (First
International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic
Monuments, Athens, 1931)
Normas de Quito, 1967
Declaration of Amsterdam (Congress on the European Architectural
Heritage, 21-25 October 1975)
European Charter of the Architectural Heritage (Council of Europe,
October 1975)
UNESCO Conventions and Recommendations
UNESCO Basic Texts, 2010