Transcript Industrialization and Imperialism

Industrialization and Imperialism
Chapter 24
European Overseas Expansion
Old Motivation
• Sought desired material
goods
• Moved against threats from
external enemies
• Seized lands for plantation
crops
• Christian missionaries
sought converts.
• The desire to strengthen
European in the contest
with Islam.
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New Motivation
Raw materials for industrial
growth
Markets for manufactured
goods.
Private Christian
proselytizing replaced state
directed
European competition with
other Europeans
New capacity to occupy
territories once closed to
them due to disease or local
resistance.
Shift to Land Empires
Early Attitude
Authorities in Europe:
Blond European:
We should control India for
Its economic benefits…
Bored Europeans:
Those distant possessions are
Expensive and unstable
Men on the Spot:
Drawn into local struggles as they sought to
advance or defend their interests. Not enough
Time to wait for direction from home, therefore
Expanded local authority for the resident company
Officials.
Changing the Rules
1670- 1750
Before 1670s
The Dutch were content to
pay tribute as vassals to the
ruler of Mataram.
The Dutch were drawn into conflicts among rivals for
The Mataram throne. Their support for the winner
Gave them ports around Batavia. They recruited
Armies among the local population and became more
And more powerful in the region.
British East India
They were drawn into
local wars
As the Mughal Empire
Disintegrated in the 18th
Century…
Following the pattern
Started by the French in
India, they relied on
native Indian troops
(sepoys) trained in
European military style.
The Rise of the British in
India was dependent on
Two factors:
1) successful
intervention in
disputes between
Indian groups
2) global rivalry with
the French
In India
Seven Years' War in Europe
• outbreak resulted in a renewal of conflict
between French and British trading companies
for influence.
• The war spread beyond southern India and into
Bengal, where British forces under Robert Clive
recaptured Calcutta from a native French ally, and
ousted him from his throne at the Battle of
Plassey.
• In the same year the British also captured the
French settlement in Bengal at Chandernagar.
Failed Mughal-French Resistance
• The Mughal Emperor
Shah Alam II had
amassed a Mughal
Army of 30,000 and
allied himself with
Jean Law and his 200
Frenchmen and
waged a campaign
against the British East
India Company in
Bengal, Bihar and
Orissa.
• Unable to defeat Englishmen under the
command of Robert Clive, the Mughal
Emperor Shah Alam II eventually handed
over the Diwani rights to the British East
India Company than allowed them to tax
more than 20 million people in the provinces
of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
• Muzaffar Jung allied himself with Chanda
Sahib, and the French commander De Bussy
during the Seven Years' War, to consolidate
power in the south. Their plans turned out to
be successful in the short term.
• Regardless of many French success, their
capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in
1761;
• together with the fall of the lesser French
settlements of Karikal and Mahé this
effectively eliminated French power from
India.
• The British then ruled India through the three
presidencies.
Three Presidencies Defined
• Provinces of India, earlier Presidencies of
British India, still earlier, Presidency towns,
and collectively British India, were the
administrative units of the territories of India
under the tenancy or the sovereignty of either
the East India Company or the British Crown
• Centered at Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
• Directly governed territories gained.
Significance of India
• Britain’s largest colonized population
• Willingness of Indians to serve in British-led
armies contributed a powerful land force to
the empire.
• Indian ports were vital to British sea power.
• 19th century major outlet for British
manufactured goods, overseas investment
and supplier of raw materials.
Close Up of Social Change
• Left social systems in tact
• Formed a new class on
top of existing
hierarchies
• Former rulers still in
charge of daily
administrative tasks
• Europeans
accommodated
themselves to indigenous
culture to survive.
• They adpoted local styles
of dress, food, housing,
work habits and political
symbols
• Many were males and
mingled and married
indigenous women.
Social Reform
• Sparked by rampant corruption of East India
Officials – 1770s
• Famine in Bengal – forced reform
• Company made accountable to the Brit. Gov’t
• In addition to reforms, Indian partition in the
administration was constricted
• Brit. Evangelicals worked to end slave trade
and Indian social abuses.
Social Reform Cont.
• Utilitarian philosophers advocated education
in the English language as the key to fight
against social abuses.
• Once again, the suttee was attacked as a social
abuse.
• The British sought to remake Indian society
along Western lines.
European Imperialism
1450-1914
1450-1750
• Limited to cooperation with
local rulers and entry into
already established trade
systems in Africa and Asia.
• Slavery and plantation
products focal
• Asian commerce focused on
China- West without value
1750-1914
• Western industrialization
secured military superiority
• Shift from importing luxury
items and slaves to raw
materials
• Colonies became markets
• Political units dominated by
Europeans created
• Missionaries more influential
• More Europeans living abroad
• Europeans had a feeling of
racial superiority / segregated
Western Education
• In any and all colonial areas where natives
received Western education, a disunity among
the natives developed along with a new
middle class.
• Generally, the elite natives from before the
colonial period were the ones educated.
• They learned to function in a different way
and have different interests from the native
lower classes.
Western Education
• On the other hand, the Indian kingdoms had
varying native languages. The commonality of
English allowed natives from different areas to
discuss and learn they had common
grievances.
• They reacted against the subordination of
racism imposed by European rulers.
Industrial Rivalries
• Increased European power abroad augmented
economic competition and political rivalries at home
identifiable by the continental conflicts of the Seven
Year’s War.
– Wealth extraction combined with spreading “superior”
cultural attributes
• Furthermore, Britain dominated overseas commerce
and empire building during the first half of the 19th
century
– After that Britain was challenged by Belgium, France,
Germany, and the United States.
– Competition for colonial spoils contributes to factors
leading to WWI
Colonial Regimes
• Europeans drew heavily on past precedents
for ruling their millions of subjects
– Exploit ethnic, cultural divisions
– Favoring Christians in colonial recruiting
– European prejudices block higher education for
most Africans
– Asians had more opportunities, feared the impact
of the educated; stunt growth of Westernoriented middle class
Changing Social Relations
• Growing size and changing makeup of
European communities in colonies
contributed to increased tension between
rulers and ruled
– Europeans segregate themselves
– Relations with indigenous women not favored
– Laws against miscegenation, social interaction
– Contributes to growing notions of superiority
Shifting Methods of Economic
Extraction
• Late 19th c., colonial administrators introduce
scientific agricultural techniques
– Work harder, more efficiently
– Incentives introduced; cheaper consumer goods,
increased taxation, harsh forced labor
• Economies of most colonies were reduced to
dependence on industrialized Europe
– Profits went mainly to European merchants and
industrialists
– Indigenous gain little to no reward
South Africa
• Afrikaners enslaved and interbred with the
indigenous of South Africa
• Afrikaners were culturally different from the
British and resisted pressure to end slavery when
British arrived
– Afrikaners pushed north into Bantu region
– Struggle between Bantu and Afrikaners led to British
involvement
– Discovery of diamonds and gold increased tension
that culminated with Afrikaner defeat
Pacific Tragedies
• Coming of colonial rule in South Pacific
resulted in demographic disaster and social
disruption
– Indignenous lacked immunity, culture vulnerable
to European goods and values
• New Zealand’s Maori
– Alcoholism, prostitution, guns, disease
– Culture survives by adjustment; European-style
farming and Christianity, use European institutions
to rebuild culture
Pacific Tragedies
• Hawaii
– Opened to West during 1770s, James Cook
• Convince Hawaiian prince, Kamehameha to accept
Western influence
• Hawaiian royalty begins to imitate Western ways
• Disease decimates population, plantation agriculture
established
• American planters take advantage of weak rulers after
1872, annexation 1898