Transcript Document

Global Trade
Truly global – Americas
Columbian Exchange
Indian, Atlantic, Pacific
Oceans
Atlantic Slave Trade
Mercantilism
Cultural and Intellectual
Developments
Renaissance
Scientific Revolution
Enlightenment
Humanism
Exploration
Neo-Confucianism
Sailing technology
Printing press
Gunpowder developments
Mining
Absolutism
Centralized government, bureaucracy, divine
right
EX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal
(Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene)
Rise of Europe
Portugal and Spain led the way
Northern Europe looks outward
Search for new trade routes
The Big Picture
1450-1750
Gold, God, Glory
Colonization of Latin America
Protestant Reformation/Counter
Reformation
Coercive Labor
Slavery
Serfdom
Consumerism
Sugar, Silver, Slaves
Mita System
Chinese Timeline
Do Now:
Create a timeline on your handout of
major events in Chinese history
1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD)
2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC)
3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC)
4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD)
5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC)
6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC)
7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD)
8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)
9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD)
Recovery and Repair
The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future!
• Focus on strong Centralized Government
– Recovered Order
• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy,
Civil Service Exam
• Erased all signs of Mongol rule
• Abolished Chief Minister position –
Emperor had Absolute Power!
Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?
Major Events in Chinese History Timeline
1766 BC
Shang
Dynasty
established
221 BC
Qin
Dynasty
adopts
Legalism
220 AD
Han
Dynasty
collapses
1368
Ming Dynasty
Restores Chinese
907
Rule
Song Dynasty
Golden Age
0
1122 BC
Feudalism
under Zhou
206 BC
Han
Dynasty
Adopts
Confucianism
618 AD
Tang Dynasty
unites China
1271
Mongols
Establish
Yuan
Dynasty
Ming Dynasty China
1368-1644
Period 4: 1450-1750
• Recovery and Repair
• Rebuilding of a Dynasty
• Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to bring order
• Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand Canal to
continue power of the dynasty
• Reconnaissance for an Empire
Major Changes
Continuities
• Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect and
tribute for Ming China
•Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than land-based Silk Road
•Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and Forbidden City
•Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of European merchants
•Arrival of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries
•Use of Confucianism and mandate of heaven, collection of tribute
•Threats from nomads in the north
•Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism)
•Merchants having low status – land ownership = status
•Global need for Chinese goods (Silk, porcelain, tea, sugar, etc)
Ming Dynasty China
1368-1644
• Recovery and Repair
• Rebuilding of a Dynasty
• Reconnaissance for an Empire
The Reemergence of an Empire
End of the Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan
• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s
• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in
Japan, Vietnam and Java.
• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.
• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,
piracy and crime increased.
• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.
China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census
found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population
was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule,
but many millions died of bubonic plague.
Rediscovered their Identity!
Emperor
and
Royal Family
Recovery and Repair
•Re-established Confucian Patriarchal
social structure – Neo-Confucianism
• Established Confucian schools and
exams to select officials
Scholar Gentry
Class
Peasant Farmers and
Artisans
• Block printing led to wider
production of printed materials –
Novels
Merchants
• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced
European technology and beliefs.
Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society.
Recovery and Repair
• Focus on agricultural foundation
– Recovery of Population
• Repaired canals, reservoirs and
irrigation system, planted trees –
Repaired Infrastructure
• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered
surveys and censuses to collect data
• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of
Hangzhou, Guangzhou
• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain
• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan
• Stressed internal trade
Economic Recovery
Recovered sense of stability!
Rebuilding of Dynasty
Emperor Yongle
Protection of the Dynasty
• Rebuilt & added to Great Wall
• Repaired the Grand Canal
• Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript
Rebuilding of Dynasty
• Established a new capital city,
Beijing, and built magnificent
Imperial residence known as
the Forbidden City
• Government regulation of
trade – production of
porcelain
Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire
• 1405 - Emperor Yongle
commissioned the building of an
enormous fleet for aggressive
maritime expeditions.
• Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch
Purpose
Admiral Zheng He
• Explore trade opportunities in
“Western Ocean”
• Diplomacy
– Opened relations with 200 new
societies
• Demonstrate strength, Power,
Tribute System:
– Collect tribute, gifts
– Rituals of submission
Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire
Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet
Zheng He and the Treasure Fleet
The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying
1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.
Reconnaissance and Building of an Empire
Land travel not reliable after fall of Mongols
Tap into Indian
Ocean Basin Trade
.
Calicut
End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?
Close: Explain how the decision to destroy the Treasure
Fleet was a major turning point in history!
Politics – Arguments for ending voyages
Eunuch
A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _____________
project
I.
B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push
of an entire civilization.
Costly
C. Trips were extremely ____________________.
Self-Sufficient and there
D. Some Chinese believed China was already _______________
was no need for exploration.
E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine
authority – creates problems, not opportunity.
F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the
Mongol invasions.
northern border from _________
End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?
II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages
land was primary form of wealth
A. Scholar-Gentry believed ________
B.
Farming was more noble than trading.
Family Shrine
1. Merchants could not keep up a ________________
2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors
overseas
3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work – parasites
C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors
D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________
Missionary impulse of Christianity
or Islam.
E.
Role of Women – did not want women in
market place
1. Strict role for women as homemakers
Footbinding on elite women
2. Practiced ______________
Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing
Period 4: 1450-1750
1644-1911
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were
dismantled and banned from being used. Government
sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of
Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!
The Ming Dynasty discontinued the Treasure Ship voyages
mainly due to their Confucian ideals. However, despite the
short term financial and military benefits, China’s absence
in world trade would allow Western Europe to dominate the
region in the long term.
Fall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing
Period 4: 1450-1750
1644-1911
After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were
dismantled and banned from being used. Government
sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of
Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!
Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves and
discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages?
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Beginning of Ming Isolation
Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel
Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times
Sought to preserve Chinese traditions
Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants
Rise of the Qing
1644-1911
Dorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing)
Document Interpretation
“We now occupy [the empire]. On behalf of
your dynasty we took revenge upon the
enemies of your ruler-father. We burned our
bridges behind us, and we have pledged not
to return until every bandit is destroyed. In
the counties, districts, and locales that we
pass through, all those who are able to shave
their heads and surrender, opening their gates
to welcome us, will be given rank and
reward, retaining their wealth and honor for
generations. But if there are those who
disobediently resist us when our great armies
arrive, then the stones themselves will be set
ablaze and all will be massacred”.
How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule
China? Which words from the document
support your findings?
1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China.
New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.
The Qing Dynasty
Qing Government
As foreign invaders, the
Manchus faced years of
resistance from Chinese subjects
still loyal to the Ming!
• Qing bureaucracy and court
ceremonies similar to Ming
• Continued Confucian rituals
and allowed Ming officials to
keep their positions
• Continued civil service exams and
were generous patrons to the arts
• Lowered taxes and state labor
demands.
• Repaired infrastructure – roads,
bridges, dikes, canals, irrigation works
A Chinese Empire?
•Expanded the Empire to include
Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and
Manchuria
•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as
Vassal tributary states.
•Expansion was
seen as a defensive
necessity against
nomadic invaders
•Signed Treaty of
Nerchinsk (1689)
that marked
Chinese-Russian
border
The Qing Dynasty
“Lose your hair, or lose your head!”
Qing Society
• Manchus made up less than 2% of the population – Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese
• Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style called a queue – form of submission
• Women remained confined to the household – footbinding and female infanticide was common
The Reign of
Emperor Kangxi
1661-1722
• Strong and effective 61 year
reign kept tensions low
• Kangxi was a significant
Confucian scholar
• Patronized arts, opened
Confucian schools and a
national library
• Created encyclopedia
and a dictionary of
history and thought
• Wanted to be benevolent
Confucian ruler –
lowered taxes,
expanded empire
• Tolerant of Christians
and interested in foreign
ideas and technology
Could compare to Kublai
Khan, Emperor Hongwu,
and King Louis XIV
Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline
Port city of Macao
1724 – Emperor banned
Christianity when the Pope
condemned Confucianism
• By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population
• Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants,
compradors, became wealthy and influential
• Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms
The Qing Dynasty
Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel,
The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s
• Brought Stability to China – peace and
prosperity
• Expanded borders and dominated region
• Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age
• Continued policy of isolation and strict
economic regulation
What were the major features of Chinese
empire building in the early modern era?
• Built vast territorial size and brought a number
of non-Chinese people into the kingdom.
• driven largely by security concerns
• Conquered regions in central Eurasia were
administered separately from the rest of China.
• Made active use of local notables.
• Did not seek to assimilate local people into
Chinese culture and showed considerable
respect for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim
cultures of the region.
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