Transcript Chia Laguna Resort: un caso studio per il turismo sostenibile

Europe: PCT per million, 1998-2000
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Pag.1
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Europe: PCT per million, 2002-2004
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Pag.2
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
North America: PCT per million, 1998-2000
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Pag.3
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
North America: PCT per million, 2002-2004
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Pag.4
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Asia/Pacific: PCT per million, 1998-2000
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Asia/Pacific: PCT per million, 2002-2004
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Synthetic indicators/1
Table 1 - PCT OECD by Region
30 nations; 324 regions
PCT
PCT_per million population
1998-2000
2002-2004
1998-2000
2002-2004
747
951
71.98
89.15
STAND. DEV
1861
2600
81.42
87.93
CV
2.49
2.73
1.13
0.99
MIN
0
0
0.00
0.00
MAX
24173
30112
485.79
514.42
AVERAGE
Source: OECD Regional Database
Table 2 - PCT Europe by Region
23 nations; 234 regions
PCT
PCT_per million population
1998-2000
2002-2004
1998-2000
2002-2004
AVERAGE
421
476
63.46
70.32
STAND. DEV
748
861
83.20
89.19
1.77
1.81
1.31
1.27
MIN
0
0
0.00
0.00
MAX
4908
5752
485.79
514.42
CV
Source: OECD Regional Database
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Synthetic indicators/2
Table 3 - PCT North America by Region
3 nations; 64 regions
PCT
PCT_per million population
1998-2000
2002-2004
1998-2000
2002-2004
AVERAGE
1729
2040
90.70
102.53
STAND. DEV
3293
3737
83.90
90.82
CV
1.91
1.83
0.92
0.89
MIN
0
0
0.00
0.93
MAX
24173
26948
392.65
415.46
Source: OECD Regional Database
Table 4 - PCT Asia/Pacfic by Region
4 nations; 26 regions
PCT
PCT_per million population
1998-2000
2002-2004
1998-2000
2002-2004
AVERAGE
1260
2543
55.68
110.57
STAND. DEV
2797
5979
34.42
51.11
CV
2.22
2.35
0.62
0.46
MIN
0
0
0.00
0.00
MAX
14006
30112
120.14
209.30
Source: OECD Regional Database
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions
PCT per million in 30 best performing regions,
1998-2000
Sto ckho lm (SE)
Zuid-Nederland (NL)
Oberbayern (DE)
M assachusetts (US)
Delaware (US)
Etela-Suo mi (FI)
Sydsverige (SE)
Stuttgart (DE)
Vaestsverige (SE)
Co nnecticut (US)
Rheinhessen-P falz (DE)
No rdwestschweiz (CH)
M inneso ta (US)
Oestra M ellansverige (SE)
M ittelfranken (DE)
East A nglia (UK)
Califo rnia (US)
Karlsruhe (DE)
Darmstadt (DE)
Oberpfalz (DE)
New Hampshire (US)
B erkshire, B ucks A nd Oxfo rdshire (UK)
Lansi-Suo mi (FI)
Tübingen (DE)
Zürich (CH)
Freiburg (DE)
New Jersey (US)
P o hjo is-Suo mi (FI)
Düsseldo rf (DE)
Oslo Og A kershus (NO)
0,00
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100,00
200,00
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
300,00
400,00
500,00
600,00
PCT per million in 30 best performing regions,
2002-2004
Zuid-Nederland (NL)
Stuttgart (DE)
M assachusetts (US)
Delaware (US)
No rdwestschweiz (CH)
Oberbayern (DE)
M inneso ta (US)
Co nnecticut (US)
Rheinhessen-P falz (DE)
Karlsruhe (DE)
M ittelfranken (DE)
Sto ckho lm (SE)
Tübingen (DE)
Freiburg (DE)
Etela-Suo mi (FI)
Sydsverige (SE)
Oberpfalz (DE)
Zürich (CH)
New Hampshire (US)
East A nglia (UK)
Califo rnia (US)
Kö ln (DE)
Darmstadt (DE)
Lansi-Suo mi (FI)
New Jersey (US)
Regio n Lemanique (CH)
Vaestsverige (SE)
B erkshire, B ucks A nd Oxfo rdshire (UK)
Kanto (JP )
Unterfranken (DE)
0,00
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100,00
200,00
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
300,00
400,00
500,00
600,00
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q1
min
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
0,00
mediana
max
q3
Sweden
Finland
Switzerland
Norway
Netherlands
Germany
United States
Austria
Belgium
Australia
United Kingdom
France
Japan
Canada
Italy
Korea
Spain
Czech Republic
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Greece
Poland
Portugal
OECD Regions: PCT per million population variability,
1998-2000
600,00
500,00
400,00
300,00
200,00
100,00
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q1
0,00
min
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
mediana
max
q3
Switzerland
Finland
Sweden
Germany
United States
Australia
Norway
Austria
Belgium
Netherlands
Japan
United Kingdom
France
Canada
Korea
Italy
Spain
Hungary
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Greece
Poland
Portugal
OECD Regions: PCT per million population variability,
2002-2004
600,00
500,00
400,00
300,00
200,00
100,00
Spatial distribution of innovation/1
OECD
CV
Herf
Gini
CRq4
Europe
N. America
Asia/Pacific
1998-00
2002-04
1998-00
2002-04
1998-00
2002-04
1998-00
2002-04
1.13
0.019
0.75
0.83
0.99
0.023
0.76
0.84
1.31
0.014
0.70
0.78
1.27
0.014
0.70
0.78
0.92
0.058
0.69
0.76
0.89
0.053
0.68
0.75
0.62
0.197
0.77
0.83
0.46
0.221
0.79
0.85
• The degree of disparities in the regional distribution of innovative
activities has increased across OECD countries for three out of
four indexes. CV decreases mainly because the average value
has changed
• This phenomenon has not been homogeneous across macroareas
(in particular it decreases in the United States)
• We would like to perform the same analysis across sectors to
assess potential differences
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Spatial distribution of innovative activity/1
OECD: Moran’s I test for spatial autocorrelation (contiguity)
VARIABLE
PCTpc 1998-2000
PCTpc 1998-2000
PCTpc 1998-2000
PCTpc 2002-2004
PCTpc 2002-2004
PCTpc 2002-2004
contiguity
1
2
3
1
2
3
I
Z-VALUE
0.52
11.96
0.42
11.18
0.31
8.29
0.52
12.00
0.38
10.10
0.24
6.47
PROB
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
OECD: Moran’s I test for spatial autocorrelation (distance)
VARIABLE
PCTpc 1998-2000
PCTpc 1998-2000
PCTpc 2002-2004
PCTpc 2002-2004
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power
1
2
1
2
Geography of innovation in OECD regions
I
Z-VALUE
0.11
12.73
0.18
0.56
0.14
15.89
0.28
0.84
PROB
0.00
0.58
0.00
0.40
Spatial dependence of innovative activity/2
• Presence of strong and positive spatial
autocorrelation among contiguous areas. Spatial
dependence extends until the 3th order of contiguity
•The extent of such a dependence is stable along time
• Spatial dependence is also detected when distances
are used instead of contiguities
• This process has favoured the formation of clusters
of innovative regions…(we need sector data in order
to see if such a process is differentiated across
sectors and how much)
• Let us see these clusters
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions
Moran scatterplot map, 2002-2004
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Geography of innovation in OECD regions