Transcript American Association for the Advancement of Science (1989

Principles of
Learning and Teaching
Effective Learning
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
1
WHAT and HOW ?
• Is learning necessarily an outcome of
teaching?
• Concentrate on the quality of understanding
• “Cognitive research is revealing that even
with what is taken to be a good instruction,
many students, including academically
talented ones, understand less than we think
they do”
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
2
How is What Students Learn
Influenced by Their Existing Ideas?
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preconceptions versus misconception
“constructing” knowledge
reconstructing/reorganizing
pedagogical content knowledge
pedagogy/andragogy
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
3
How does Progression in
Learning Usually Occur?
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from concrete to abstract
visual, auditory, tactile and kinesthetic
pictorial?
multiple representations
...
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
4
What and How do People Learn
to Do Well?
• only what they practice doing
• apply ideas in novel situations
• thinking critically, analyzing information,
communicating scientific ideas, making
logical arguments, working as a part of a
team, acquiring other skills
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
5
What does Effective Learning by
Students Requires in Terms of
Feedback?
• analytical, suggestive?, time appropriate
• opportunities for students to reflect on that
feedback
• peer feedback
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
6
How is Performance Affected by
Expectations
• success in learning => growth in confidence
• share experiences: ...
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
7
What is the relationship between
Teaching and the Nature of Inquiry?
• Consistency: Teaching should be consistent
with the Nature of Scientific Inquiry
• Start with questions about the nature
• Engage students actively
• Concentrate on the collection and use of
evidence - developmentally appropriate and
developmentally interesting
…..=>
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
8
=> What is the relationship between
Teaching and the Nature of Inquiry?
• Provide historical/social perspectives
• Insist on clear oral and written expression
• Use a team approach - collaborative nature
of scientific and technological work
• Knowing and finding out
• Memorization
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
9
How Should Teaching Reflect
Scientific Values?
• establishing learning environment: “more
than a body of knowledge”
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curiosity
creativity
imagination
a spirit of healthy questioning
• avoid dogmatism
• promote aesthetic responses
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
10
How can Teaching Aim to Counteract
Science Learning Anxieties?
• “Understanding anything is never absolute and
it takes many forms”
• build on success
• equity
• group learning
• Science is about finding things out
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
11
Should Science Teaching Stay
within School?
• Extend beyond the school
• Rich resources of larger community
• Obstacles
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
12
What is the relationship between
Teaching and TIME
• “more is more” or “less is more”?
• concepts must be offered periodically in
different contexts and increasing levels of
sophistication
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
13
This presentation was based on
American Association for the Advancement
of Science (1989). Science for all
Americans: Project 2061. New York, NY:
Oxford University Press
July 2001
Mara Alagic: "Science for All
Americans"
14